Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Inter- and Intra-Annual Variations in the Population of Tripos from the Bay of Bengal


Affiliations
1 CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
 

Tripos, a species-rich ubiquitous thecate dinoflagellate, serves as an excellent biological indicator of the water mass in the oceans. The inter- and intra-annual variations in the surface-water distribution of Tripos along the shipping routes of Chennai (C)-Port Blair (P)-Kolkata (K) in the Bay of Bengal was evaluated from October 2006 to September 2011. The highest numbers were recorded during fall intermonsoon (October 2007) in the C-P transect, and southwest monsoon (July 2010) in the P-K transect. In the C-P transect high numbers of T. furca can be attributed to mesoscale eddies, whereas in the P-K transect, it can be attributed to riverine discharge. The results point that, Tripos persists throughout the year in the Bay of Bengal and tend to increase with the elevation of nutrients.

Keywords

Bay of Bengal, Currents, Dinoflagellates, Eddies, Monsoon, Micro-Phytoplankton, Tripos.
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Schiller, J., Dinoflagellatae (Peridineae) in monographischer Behandlung. Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Osterreichs und der Schweiz. Akad (ed. Rabenhorst, L.), Verlag, Leipzig. vol. 10(3), Teil 1 (1–3), 1933, p. 617.
  • Schiller, J., Dinoflagellatae (Peridineae) in monographischer Behandlung. Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Osterreichs und der Schweiz. Akad. (ed. Rabenhorst, L.) Verlag, Leipzig. vol. 10 (3), Teil 2 (1–4), 1937, p. 590.
  • Gomez, F., A list of dinoflagellates in the world oceans. Acta Bot. Croat., 2007, 84, 129–212.
  • Dodge, J. D. and Marshall, H. G., Biogeographic analysis of the armoured planktonic dinoflagellate Ceratium in the North Atlantic and adjacent seas. J. Phycol., 1994, 30, 905–922.
  • Grahm, H. W., An oceanographic consideration of the dinoflagellate genus Ceratium. Ecol. Monogr., 1941, 11, 99–116.
  • Elbrachter, M., Population dynamics of Ceratium in coastal waters of the Kiel Bay. Oikos, 1973, 15, 43–48.
  • Weiler, C. S., Population structure and in situ division rates of Ceratium in oligotrophic waters of the North Pacific central gyre. Limnol. Oceanogr., 1980, 25, 610–619.
  • Matrai, P., The distribution of the dinoflagellate Ceratium in relation to environmental factors along 28°N in the eastern North Pacific. J. Plankton. Res., 1986, 8, 105–118.
  • Okolodkov, Y. B., Ceratium Schrank (Dinophyceae) of the national park Sistema Arrecifal Veracruzano, Gulf of Mexico, with a key for identification. Acta Bot. Mex., 2010, 93, 41–101.
  • Raine, R., White, M. and Dodge, J. D., The summer distribution of net plankton dinoflagellates and their relation to water movements in the NE Atlantic Ocean, west of Ireland. J. Plankton Res., 2002, 24, 1131–1147.
  • Dowidar, N. M., Distribution and ecology of Ceratium egyptiacum Halim and its validity as an indicator of the current regime in the Suez Canal. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 1973, 15, 335–344.
  • Tunin-Ley, A., Labat, J. P., Gasparini, S., Mousseau, L. and Lemee, R., Annual cycle and diversity of species and infraspecific taxa of Ceratium Schrank (Dinophyceae) in the Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean. J. Phycol., 2007, 43, 1149–1163.
  • Dodge, J. D., Biogeography of the planktonic dinoflagellate Ceratium in the Western Pacific. Korean J. Phycol., 1993, 8, 109–119.
  • Sanchez, G., Calienes, R. and Zuta, S., The 1997–98 El Nino and its effects on the coastal marine ecosystem off Peru. Reports of California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations, 2000, 41, 62–86.
  • Okolodkov, Y. B., Net phytoplankton from the Barents Sea and Svalbard waters collected on the cruise of the R/V ‘Geolog Fersman’ in July–September 1992, with emphasis on the Neoceratium species as biological indicators of the Atlantic waters. Bot. J. Russ Acad. Sci., 1996, 81, 1–9.
  • Subrahmanyan, R., The Dinophyceae of the Indian Seas, Part 1, genus Ceratium schrank. Memoir, Marine Biological Association of India, City Printers, Ernakulam, 1968, pp. 1–129.
  • Gomez, F., Moreira, D. and Lopez-Garcia, P., Neoceratium gen. nov., a new genus for all marine species currently assigned to Ceratium (Dinophyceae). Protist, 2010, 161, 35–54.
  • Gomez, F., Reinstatement of the dinoflagellate genus Tripos to replace Neoceratium, marine species of Ceratium (Dinophyceae, Alveolata) CICIMAR. Oceánides, 2013, 28, 1–22.
  • Devassy, V. P. and Goes, J. I., Phytoplankton community structure and succession in a tropical estuarine complex (central west coast of India). Estuarine, Coastal. Shelf Sci., 1988, 27, 671–685.
  • Madhu, N. V., Jyothibabu, R., Maheswaran, P. A., Gerson, J. V., Gopalakrishnan, T. C. and Nair, K. K. C., Lack of seasonality in phytoplankton standing stock (chlorophyll a) and production in the western Bay of Bengal. Cont. Shelf Res., 2006, 26, 1868–1883.
  • D’Costa, P. M., Anil, A. C., Patil, J. S., Hegde, S., D’Silva, M. S. and Chourasia, M., Dinoflagellates in a mesotrophic, tropical environment influenced by monsoon. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 2008, 77, 77–90.
  • Jyothibabu, R., Madhu, N. V., Maheswaran, P. A., Jayalakshmy, K. V., Nair, K. K. C. and Achuthankutty, C. T., Seasonal variation of microzooplankton (20–200 μm) and its possible implications on the vertical carbon flux in the western Bay of Bengal. Cont. Shelf Res., 2008, 28, 737–755.
  • Naik, R. K., Hegde, S. and Anil, A. C., Dinoflagellate community structure from the stratified environment of the Bay of Bengal, with special emphasis on harmful algal bloom species. Environ. Monit. Assess., 2011, 182, 15–30.
  • Patil, J. S. and Anil, A. C., Variations in phytoplankton community in a monsoon – influenced tropical estuary. Environ. Monit. Assess., 2011, 182, 291–300.
  • Taylor, F. J. R., Dinoflagellates from the international Indian Ocean expedition. A report on material collected by R. V. Anton Bruun 1963–1964. Bibliotheca Bot., 1976, 132, 1–234.
  • Matzenauer, L., Die Dinoflagellaten des Indischen Ozeans (mit Ausnahme der Gattung Ceratium). Bot. Arch., 1933, 35, 437–510.
  • Chaitanya, A. V. S., Lengaigne, M., Vialard, J., Gopalakrishna, V. V., Durand, F., Kranthikumar, C. and Ravichandran, M. , Salinity measurements collected by fishermen reveal a ‘river in the sea’ flowing along the eastern coast of India. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc., 2014, 95, 1897–1908.
  • Shankar, D., Vinayachandran, P. N. and Unnikrishnan, A. S., The monsoon currents in the north Indian Ocean. P. Oceanogr., 2002, 52, 63–120.
  • Grasshoff, K., Ehrhardt, M. and Kremling, K., Methods of Seawater Analysis, Second revised and extended edition, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1983.
  • Tomas, C. R., Identifying Marine Phytoplankton, Academic Press, San Diego, 1997, p. 858.
  • Horner, R. A., A Taxonomic Guide to Some Common Marine Phytoplankton, Biopress, Bristol, England, 2002, pp. 1–195.
  • ter Braak, C. J. F. and Smilauer, P., CANOCO reference manual and user’s guide to Canoco for Windows – software for canonical community ordination (version 4). Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, New York, 1998.
  • Gomes, H. D. R., Goes, I. J. and Siano, T., Influence of physical processes and freshwater discharge on the seasonality of phytoplankton regime in the Bay of Bengal. Cont. Shelf Res., 2000, 20, 313–330.
  • Madhupratap, M. et al., Biogeochemistry of the Bay of Bengal: physical, chemical and primary productivity characteristics of the central and western Bay of Bengal during summer monsoon 2001. Deep Sea Res. Part II, 2003, 50, 881–896.
  • Burkholder, J. M., Glibert, P. M. and Skelton, H. M., Mixotrophy, a major mode of nutrition for harmful algal species in eutrophic waters. Harmful Algae, 2008, 8, 77–93.
  • Jeong, H. J., Mixotrophy in red tide algae Raphidophytes. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 2011, 58, 215–222.
  • UNESCO, River inputs to ocean systems: status and recommendations for research. UNESCO Technical Papers in Marine Science 55, Final report of SCOR Working Group 46, Paris, 1988, p. 25.
  • Prasanna Kumar, S., Nuncio, M. and Narvekar, J., Are eddies nature’s trigger to enhance biological productivity in the Bay of Bengal? Geophys. Res. Lett., 2004, 31, L07309; doi:10.1029/2003Gl019274.
  • Baek, S. H., Shimode, S. and Kikuchi, T., Reproductive ecology of dominant dinoflagellate, Ceratium furca in the coastal area of Sagami Bay. Coastal Mar. Sci., 2006, 30, 344–352.
  • Baek, S. H., Shimode, S. and Kikuchi, T., Reproductive ecology of the dominant dinoflagellate, Ceratium fusus in coastal area of Sagami Bay, Japan. J. Oceanogr., 2007, 63, 35–45.
  • Baek, S. H., Shimode, S., Han, M. S. and Kikuchi, T., Population development of the dinoflagellates Ceratium furca and Ceratium fusus during spring and early summer in Iwa Harbor, Sagami Bay, Japan. Ocean Sci. J., 2008, 43, 49–59.
  • Steidinger, K. A., Phytoplankton ecology: a conceptual review based on eastern Gulf of Mexico research. Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 1973, 3(1), 49–68.
  • Shetye, S. R. et al., Hydrography and circulation in the western Bay of Bengal during the northeast monsoon. J. Geophys. Res., 1996, 101, 14011–14025.
  • Baek, S. H., Shimode, S., Han, M. S. and Kikuchi, T., Growth of dinoflagellates, Ceratium furca and Ceratium fusus in Sagami Bay, Japan: the role of nutrients. Harmful Algae, 2008, 7, 729–739.
  • Eppley, R. W. and Thomas, W. H., Comparison of half-saturation constants for growth and nitrate uptake of marine phytoplankton. J. Phycol., 1969, 5, 365–369.
  • Qasim, S. Z., Bhattathiri, P. M. and Devassy, V. P., Growth kinetics and nutrient requirements of two tropical marine phytoplankters. Mar. Biol., 1973, 21, 299–304.
  • Droop, M. R., 25 years of algal growth kinetics. Bot. Mar., 1983, 26, 99–112.
  • Gopinathan, C. P., Seasonal abundance of phytoplankton in the Cochin backwater. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. India, 1971, 14, 568–557.
  • Thoha, H. and Rachman, A., Temporal variation in Ceratium spp. abundance recorded in Jakartha Bay. Marine Research in Indonesia, 2012, 37, 35–45.
  • Nassar, M. Z., Hamdy, R. M., Khiray, H. M. and Rashedy, S. H., Seasonal fluctuations of phytoplankton community and physico-chemical parameters of the northwestern part of the Red Sea, Egypt. Egypt. J. Aquat. Res., 2014, 40(4), 395–403.
  • Gomez, F., Claustre, H., Raimbault, P. and Souissi, S., Two highnutrient low chlorophyll phytoplankton assemblages: the tropical central Pacific and the offshore Perú-Chile Current. Biogeosciences, 2007, 4, 1101–1113.
  • Balkis, N., Seasonal variations in the phytoplankton and nutrient dynamics in the neritic water of Buyukcekmece Bay, Sea of Marmara. J. Plankton Res., 2003, 25, 703–707.
  • Ignatiades, L., Gotsis-Skretas, O., Pagou. K. and Krasakopoulou. E., Diversification of phytoplankton community structure and related parameters along a large scale longitudinal east–west transect of the Mediterranean Sea. J. Plankton Res., 2009, 31, 411–428.
  • Spatharis, S., Dolapsakis, N. P., Economou-Amilli, A., Tsirtsis, G. and Danielidis, D. B., Dynamics of potentially microalgae in a confined Mediterranean Gulf – assessing the risk of bloom formation. Harmful Algae, 2009, 8, 736–743.
  • Lasternas, S., Tunin-Ley, A., Ibanez, F., Andersen, V., Pizey, M. D. and Lamee, R., Dynamics of microphytoplankton abundance and diversity in the NW Mediterranean Sea during late summer condition (DYNAPROC 2 cruise; September–October 2004). Biogeosci. Discuss, 2008, 5, 5163–5202.
  • Smalley, G. W. and Coats, D. W., Ecology of the red-tide dinoflagellate Ceratium furca: distribution, mixotrophy, and grazing impact on ciliate populations of Chesapeake Bay. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol., 2002, 49, 63–73.
  • Marshall, H. G., Phytoplankton distribution along the eastern coast of the USA. Part II. Seasonal assemblages north of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. Mar. Biol., 1978, 45(3), 203–208.
  • Masquelier, S., Foulon, E., Jouenne, F., Ferréol, M., Brussaard, C. P. and Vaulot, D., Distribution of eukaryotic plankton in the English Channel and the North Sea in summer. J. Sea Res., 2011, 66(2), 111–122.
  • Matishov, G. et al., Biological atlas of the Arctic Seas 2000: plankton of Barents and Kara seas. In International Ocean Atlas Series, World Data Centre for Oceanography, Silver Spring International Ocean Atlas Series, NOAA Atlas NESDIS 39. Silver Spring, Murmansk, Russia, 2000, vol. 2, p. 348.
  • Goncalves-Araujo, R., De Souza, M. S., Mendes, C. R. B., Tavano, V. M., Pollery, R. C. and Garcia, C. A. E., Brazil–Malvinas confluence: effects of environmental variability on phytoplankton community structure. J. Plankton Res., 2012, 34, 399–415.

Abstract Views: 438

PDF Views: 110




  • Inter- and Intra-Annual Variations in the Population of Tripos from the Bay of Bengal

Abstract Views: 438  |  PDF Views: 110

Authors

Rajath R. Chitari
CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
Arga Chandrashekar Anil
CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
Vinayak V. Kulkarni
CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
Dhiraj D. Narale
CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
Jagadish S. Patil
CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India

Abstract


Tripos, a species-rich ubiquitous thecate dinoflagellate, serves as an excellent biological indicator of the water mass in the oceans. The inter- and intra-annual variations in the surface-water distribution of Tripos along the shipping routes of Chennai (C)-Port Blair (P)-Kolkata (K) in the Bay of Bengal was evaluated from October 2006 to September 2011. The highest numbers were recorded during fall intermonsoon (October 2007) in the C-P transect, and southwest monsoon (July 2010) in the P-K transect. In the C-P transect high numbers of T. furca can be attributed to mesoscale eddies, whereas in the P-K transect, it can be attributed to riverine discharge. The results point that, Tripos persists throughout the year in the Bay of Bengal and tend to increase with the elevation of nutrients.

Keywords


Bay of Bengal, Currents, Dinoflagellates, Eddies, Monsoon, Micro-Phytoplankton, Tripos.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv112%2Fi06%2F1219-1229