Current Science

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Fruit Peel Waste:Characterization and its Potential Uses


Affiliations
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440 010, India
2 CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India
 

Globally, India is the leading producer of fruits. Fruits after consumption leave a peel which is a nuisance to the environment as a solid waste. In this article, commonly available large volume-fruit peels (FP) (viz. banana, orange, citrus, lemon and jackfruit) were investigated for surface, physical and chemical characteristics with a view to propose their valorization in detail. Each FP was characterized by proximate and ultimate analysis, porosity, particle density, bulk density, point of zero charge (pHpzc), surface pH, surface charges, water absorption capacity, BET surface area, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and TGA/derivative of thermogravimetric. The BET surface area of FP is very less, between 0.60 and 1.2 m2/g. The pHpzc and surface pH values of orange peel (OP), citrus peel (CP), lemon peel (LP) and jackfruit peels (JFP) are in the range of 3-4. The pHpzc value and surface pH of banana peel (BP) is closer to 7. The order of surface acidity is OP > LP > CP > JFP > BP. From TG curves it is clear that FPs are stable below 150°C. The results will be useful for rational design, when FP is used as a substrate for bioactive compounds, phenolic antioxidants, organic acids, enzymes, biofertilizer, production of energy and as adsorbents.

Keywords

Characterization, Fruit Peel, Solid Waste, Utilization, Valorization.
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Midha, S., Horticulture Statistics in India, Horticulture Statistics in India, Report, 2012, vol. 12, 148–161.

  • Palma, C., Contreras, E., Urra, J. and Martınez, M. J., Ecofriendly technologies based on banana peel use for the decolourization of the dyeing process wastewater. Waste Biomass Valor., 2011, 2, 77–86.

  • Wadhwa, M. and Bakshi, M. P. S., Utilization of fruit and vegetable wastes as livestock feed and as substrates for generation of other value-added products. FAO (UN), 2013–14.

  • Silva, C. R., Gomes, T. F., Andrade, G. C. R. M., Monteiro, S. H., Dias, A. C. R., Zagatto, E. A. G. and Tornisielo, V. L., Banana peel as an adsorbent for removing atrazine and ametryne from waters. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2013, 61, 2358–2363.

  • Anwar, J., Shafique, U., Waheed-uz-Zaman, Salman, M., Dar, A. and Anwar, S., Removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from water by adsorption on peels of banana. Bioresour. Technol., 2010, 101, 1752–1755.

  • Mohapatra, D., Mishra, S. and Sutar, N., Banana and its by-product utilization: an overview. J. Sci. Ind. Res., 2010, 69, 323–329.

  • Khaskheli, M. I., Memon, S. Q., Siyal, A. N. and Khuhawar, M. Y., Use of orange peel waste for arsenic remediation of drinking water. Waste Biomass Valor., 2011, 2, 423–433.

  • Feng, N., Guo, X. and Liang, S., Adsorption study of copper (II) by chemically modified orange peel. J. Hazard. Mater., 2009, 164, 1286–1292.

  • Foo, K. Y. and Hameed, B. H., Preparation, characterization and evaluation of adsorptive properties of orange peel based activated carbon via microwave induced K2CO3 activation. Bioresour. Technol., 2012, 104, 679–686.

  • Silke, S. and Ankit, B., Biosorption of Pb2+ by original and protonated citrus peels: equilibrium, kinetics, and mechanism. Chem. Eng. J., 2009, 146, 211–219.

  • Garcıa-Perez, J. V., Carcel, J. A., Clemente, G. and Mulet, A., Water sorption isotherms for lemon peel at different temperatures and isosteric heats. LWT, 2008, 41, 18–25.

  • Inbaraj, B. S. and Sulochana, N., Carbonised jackfruit peel as an adsorbent for the removal of Cd(II) from aqueous solution. Bioresour. Technol., 2004, 94, 49–52.

  • Hameed, B. H., Removal of cationic dye from aqueous solution using jackfruit peel as non-conventional low-cost adsorbent. J. Hazard. Mater., 2009, 162, 344–350.

  • Foo, K. Y. and Hameed, B. H., Potential of jackfruit peel as precursor for activated carbon prepared by microwave induced NaOH activation. Bioresour. Technol., 2012, 112, 143–150.

  • Pathak, P. D., Mandavgane, S. A. and Kulkarni, B. D., Characterizing fruit and vegetable peels as bioadsorbents. Curr. Sci., 2016, 110(11), 2114–2123.

  • Werthera, J., Saengera, M., Hartgea, E.-U., Ogadab, T. and Siagib, Z., Combustion of agricultural residues. Progr. Energy Combust. Sci., 2000, 26, 1–27.

  • Anhwange, B. A., Chemical composition of Musa sapientum (banana) peels. J. Food Technol., 2008, 6, 263–266.

  • Jenkins, B. M., Baxter Jr, L. L. and Miles, T. R., Combustion properties of biomass. Fuel Process. Technol., 1998, 54, 17–46.

  • Munasinghe, P. C. and Khanal, S. K., Biomass-derived syngas fermentation into biofuels: opportunities and challenges. Bioresour. Technol., 2010, 101, 5013–5022.

  • Kalinci, Y., Hepbasli, A. and Dincer, I., Biomass-based hydrogen production: a review and analysis. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy, 2009, 34, 8799–8817.

  • Neves, D., Thunman, H., Matos, A., Tarelho, L. and Gomez-Barea, A., Characterization and prediction of biomass pyrolysis products. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 2011, 37, 611–630.

  • Presley, M. A. and Christensen, P. R., The effect of bulk density and particle size sorting on the thermal conductivity of particulate materials under Martian atmospheric pressures. J. Geophys. Res., 1997, 102, 9221–9229.

  • Cerovic, L. S., Milonjic, S. K., Todorovic, M. B., Trtanj, M. I., Pogozhev, Y. S., Blagoveschenskii, Y. and Levashov, E. A., Point of zero charge of different carbides. Colloids Surf. A: Phys. Eng. Aspects, 2007, 297, 1–6.

  • Hashemian, S., Salari, K. and Yazdi, Z. A., Preparation of activated carbon from agricultural wastes (almond shell and orange peel) for adsorption of 2-pic from aqueous solution. J. Indust. Eng. Chem., 2014, 20, 1892–1900.

  • Pathak, P. D., Mandavgane, S. A. and Kulkarni, B. D., Fruit peel waste as a novel low-cost bio adsorbent. Rev. Chem. Eng., 2015, 31, 361–381.

  • Carolyn, P., Elsa, C., Johana, U. and Jesús, M. M., Eco-friendly technologies based on banana peel use for the decolourization of the dyeing process wastewater. Waste Biomass Valor., 2010, 2, 77–86.

  • Castro, R. S. D. et al., Banana peel applied to the solid phase extraction of copper and lead from river water: preconcentration of metal ions with a fruit waste. Industr. Eng. Chem. Res., 2011, 50, 3446–3451.

  • Nair, L. D., Sar, S. K., Arora, A. and Mahapatra, D., Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis of few medicinal plants of Chhattisgarh, India. J. Adv. Pharm. Edu. Res., 2013, 3, 196–200.

  • Schiewer, S. and Iqbal, M., The role of pectin in Cd binding by orange peel biosorbents: a comparison of peels, depectinated peels and pectic acid. J. Hazard. Mater., 2010, 177, 899–907.

  • Schiewer, S. and Patil, S. B., Pectin-rich fruit wastes as biosorbents for heavy metal removal: equilibrium and kinetics. Bioresour. Technol., 2008, 99, 1896–1903.

  • Zou, W. H., Zhao, L. and Zhu, L., Efficient uranium(VI) biosorption on grapefruit peel: kinetic study and thermodynamic parameters. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 2012, 292, 1303–1315.

  • Heikkinen, J. M., Hordijk, J. C., Jong, W. D. and Spliethoff, H., Thermogravimetry as a tool to classify waste components to be used for energy generation. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol., 2004, 71, 883–900.

  • Chen, B. and Chen, Z., Sorption of naphthalene and 1-naphthol by biochars of orange peels with different pyrolytic temperatures. Chemosphere, 2009, 76, 127–133.

  • Umamaheswaran, K. and Batra, V. S., Physico-chemical characterisation of Indian biomass ashes. Fuel, 2008, 87, 628–638.

  • Ghani, W. A. W. A. K., Abdullah, M. S. F., Matori, K. A., Alias, A. B. and Silva, Gd., Physical and thermochemical characterization of Malaysian biomass ashes. Inst. Eng., Malaysia, 2010, 71, 9–18.

  • González-Montelongo, R., Lobo, M. G. and González, M., Antioxidant activity in banana peel extracts testing extraction conditions. Food Chem., 2010, 119, 1030–9.

  • Someya, S., Yoshiki, Y. and Okubo, K., Antioxidant compounds from bananas (Musa Cavendish). Food Chem., 2002, 79, 351–354.

  • Pathak, P. D., Mandavgane, S. A. and Kulkarni, B. D., Utilization of banana peel for the removal of benzoic and salicylic acid from aqueous solutions and its potential reuse. Desalination Water Treat., 2015, 1–8.

  • Faller, A. L. K. and Fialho, E., Polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity in organic and conventional plant foods. J. Food Comp. Anal., 2010, 23, 561–568.

  • Anal, A. K., Jaisanti, S. and Noomhorm, A., Enhanced yield of phenolic extracts from banana peels (Musa acuminata Colla AAA) and cinnamon barks (Cinnamomum varum) and their antioxidative potentials in fish oil. J. Food Sci. Technol., 2014, 51, 2632–2639.

  • Knapp, F. F. and Nicholas, H. J., The sterols and triterpenes of banana peel. Phytochemistry, 1969, 8, 207–214.

  • Comim, S. R. R., Madella, K., Oliveira, J. V. and Ferreira, S. R. S., Supercritical fluid extraction from dried banana peel (Musa spp., genomic group AAB): extraction yield, mathematical modeling, economical analysis and phase equilibria. J. Supercrit. Fluids, 2010, 54, 30–37.

  • Moure, A. et al., Natural antioxidants from residual sources. Food Chem., 2001, 72, 145–171.

  • Braddock, R. J., Temelli, F. and Cadwallader, K. R., Citrus essential oils – a dossier for material safety data sheets. Food Technol., 1986, 40, 114–116.

  • Hull, W. Q., Lindsay, C. W. and Baier, W. E., Chemicals from oranges. Ind. Eng. Chem., 1953, 45, 876–890.

  • Anagnostopoulou, M. A., Kefalas, P., Papageorgiou, V. P., Assimopoulou, A. N. and Boskoum D., Radical scavenging activity of various extracts and fractions of sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis). Food Chem., 2006, 94, 19–25.

  • Fapohunda, S., Mmom, J. U. and Fakeye, F., Proximate analyses, phytochemical screening and antibacterial potentials of bitter cola, cinnamon, ginger and banana peel. Acad. Arena, 2012, 4, 8–15.

  • Mamma, D. and Christakopoulos, P., Biotransformation of citrus by-products into value added products. Waste Biomass Valor., 2013.

  • Roy, S. and Lingampeta, P., Solid wastes of fruits peels as source of low cost broad spectrum natural antimicrobial compounds – furanone, furfural and benezenetriol. Int. J. Res. Eng. Technol., 2014, 3, 273–279.

  • Karthikeyan, A. and Sivakumar, N., Citric acid production by Koji fermentation using banana peel as a novel substrate. Bioresour. Technol., 2010, 101, 5552–5556.

  • Sashi Prabha, M. and Rangaiah, G. S., Citric acid production using Artocarpus heterophyllus and its waste with alcohol as a stimulant. Int. J. LifeSci. Biotechnol. Pharma Res., 2014, 3.

  • Mannepula, S., Bathal, V. K. and Obulam, V. S. R., A comparative study on utilisation of citrus and mango peels for lactic acid production and optimisation by Rhizopus oryzae in submerged fermentation. Eur. J. Biotechnol. Biosci., 2015, 3, 18–26.

  • Kirankumar, V. et al., Purification and characterization of α-amylase produced by Aspergillus niger using banana peels. J. Cell Tissue Res., 2011, 11, 2775–2780.

  • Omojasola, P. F. and Jilani, O. P., Cellulase production by Trichoderma longi, Aspergillus niger and Saccharomyces cerevisae cultured on plantain peel. Res. J. Microbiol., 2009, 4, 67–74.

  • Elisashvili, V., Kachlishvili, E. and Penninckx, M., Effect of growth substrate, method of fermentation, and nitrogen source on lignocellulose-degrading enzymes production by white-rot basidiomycetes. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 2008, 35, 1531–1538.

  • Jadhav, M. S., Chougule, D. and Rampure, S., Lipase production from banana peel extract and potato peel extract. Int. J. Res. Pure Appl. Microbiol., 2013, 3, 11–13.

  • Sreena, C. P. and Sebastian, D., Cost effective cellulase production by Bacillus subtilis MU S1 using lignocellulosic biomass residues biodiversity and evaluation: perspectives and paradigm shifts. Biodivers. Evaluation Perspect. Paradigm Shifts, 2015, pp. 268–270.

  • Goud, K. G., Chaitanya, K. and Reddy, G., Enhanced production of β-D-fructofuranosidase by Saccharomyces cerevisiae using agro-industrial wastes as substrates. Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 2013, 2, 385–392.

  • Itelima, J., Onwuliri, F., Onwuliri, E., Onyimba, I. and Oforji, S., Bio-ethanol production from banana, plantain and pineapple peels by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Develop., 2013, 4.

  • Zhou, W., Widmer, W. and Grohmann, K., Developments in ethanol production from citrus peel waste. Proc Fl State Hortic., 2008, 121, 307–310.

  • Lopez, J. A. S., Li, Q. and Thompson, I. P., Biorefinery of waste orange peel. Crit. Rev. Biotechnol., 2010, 30, 63–69.

  • Bhandari, S. V., Panchapakesan, A., Shankar, N. and Kumar, H. G. A., Production of bioethanol from fruit rinds by Saccharification and Fermentation. Int. J. Sci. Res. Eng. Technol., 2013, 2, 362–365.

  • Raposo, F., Rubia, M. A. D. L., Fernández-Cegrí, V. and Borja, R., Anaerobic digestion of solid organic substrates in batch mode: an overview relating to methane yields and experimental procedures. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 2012, 16, 861–877.

  • Viswanath, P., Devi, S. S. and Nand, K., Anaerobic digestion of fruit and vegetable processing wastes for biogas production. Bioresour. Technol., 1992, 40, 43–48.

  • Yasin, N. H. M., Mumtaz, T., Hassan, M. A. and Rahman, N. A. A., Food waste and food processing waste for biohydrogen production: a review. J. Environ. Manage., 2013, 130, 375–385.

  • Patel, B. and Gami, B., Biomass characterization and its use as solid fuel for combustion. Iranica J. Energy Environ., 2012, 3, 123–128.

  • Soetardji, J. P., Widjaja, C., Djojorahardjo, Y., Soetaredjo, F. E. and Ismadji, S., Bio-oil from jackfruit peel waste. Proc. Chem., 2014, 9, 158–164.

  • Janati, S. S. F., Beheshti, H. R., Feizy, J. and Fahim, N. K., Chemical composition of lemon (Citrus Limon) and peels its considerations as animal food. GIDA, 2012, 37, 267–271.

  • Kalemelawa, F., Nishihara, E., Endo, T., Ahmad, Z., Yeasmin, R., Tenywa, M. M. and Yamamoto, S., An evaluation of aerobic and anaerobic composting of banana peels treated with different inoculums for soil nutrient replenishment. Bioresour. Technol., 2012, 126, 375–382.

  • Achsah, R. S. and Prabha, M. L., Potential of vermicompost produced from banana waste (Musa paradisiaca) on the growth parameters of Solanum lycopersicum. Int. J. Chem. Tech. Res., 2013, 5, 2141–2153.

  • Pathak, P. D., Mandavgane, S. A. and Kulkarni, B. D., Utilization of banana peel for the removal of benzoic and salicylic acid from aqueous solutions and its potential reuse. Desalination Water Treatment, 2015, 1–13.

  • Pathak, P. D. and Mandavgane, S. A., Preparation and characterization of raw and carbon from banana peel by microwave activation: application in citric acid adsorption. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 2015, 3, 2435–2447.

  • Oberoi, H. S., Sandhu, S. K. and Vadlani, P. V., Statistical optimization of hydrolysis process for banana peels using cellulolytic and pectinolytic enzymes. Food Bioprod. Process, 2012, 90, 257–265.


Abstract Views: 872

PDF Views: 136




  • Fruit Peel Waste:Characterization and its Potential Uses

Abstract Views: 872  |  PDF Views: 136

Authors

Pranav D. Pathak
Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440 010, India
Sachin A. Mandavgane
Department of Chemical Engineering, Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur 440 010, India
Bhaskar D. Kulkarni
CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411 008, India

Abstract


Globally, India is the leading producer of fruits. Fruits after consumption leave a peel which is a nuisance to the environment as a solid waste. In this article, commonly available large volume-fruit peels (FP) (viz. banana, orange, citrus, lemon and jackfruit) were investigated for surface, physical and chemical characteristics with a view to propose their valorization in detail. Each FP was characterized by proximate and ultimate analysis, porosity, particle density, bulk density, point of zero charge (pHpzc), surface pH, surface charges, water absorption capacity, BET surface area, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and TGA/derivative of thermogravimetric. The BET surface area of FP is very less, between 0.60 and 1.2 m2/g. The pHpzc and surface pH values of orange peel (OP), citrus peel (CP), lemon peel (LP) and jackfruit peels (JFP) are in the range of 3-4. The pHpzc value and surface pH of banana peel (BP) is closer to 7. The order of surface acidity is OP > LP > CP > JFP > BP. From TG curves it is clear that FPs are stable below 150°C. The results will be useful for rational design, when FP is used as a substrate for bioactive compounds, phenolic antioxidants, organic acids, enzymes, biofertilizer, production of energy and as adsorbents.

Keywords


Characterization, Fruit Peel, Solid Waste, Utilization, Valorization.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv113%2Fi03%2F444-454