Current Science

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Built Environment, Physical Activity and Diabetes


Affiliations
1 Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, 4, Conran Smith Road, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600 086, India
 

Type-2 diabetes, which has emerged as a global epidemic in recent years, is strongly related to lifestyle and economic change. The built environment (BE) influences lifestyle factors such as physical activity and diet. Evidence shows that individuals who live in neighbourhoods with the availability of destinations for physical activity within walking/cycling distance are more likely to engage in the same and thereby improve their health. Walking can be increased in neighbourhoods by providing useable and unencroached pedestrian pathways, undertaking motor-traffic reduction strategies, improved perceived neighbourhood safety, increasing good street connectivity, parks, green space, playgrounds and recreation areas. Thus for the BE to positively influence health outcomes and be made more activity-friendly, requires combined efforts of health professionals and stakeholders in the Government as well as the private sector.

Keywords

Built Environment, Diet, Diabetes, Health Outcome, Physical Activity.
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • King, H. and Rewers, M., Diabetes in adults is now a Third World problem. World Health Organization Ad Hoc Diabetes Reporting Group. Ethnic. Dis., 1993, 3, S67–S74.

  • Hu, F. B., Globalization of diabetes. Diabetes Care, 2011, 34, 1249–1257.

  • Steyn, N. P. et al., Diet, nutrition and the prevention of type 2 diabetes. Public Health Nutr., 2004, 7, 147–165.

  • Cowie, C. C. et al., Full accounting of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the US population in 1988–1994 and 2005–2006. Diabetes Care, 2009, 32, 287–294.

  • Rahati, S., Shahraki, M., Arjomand, G. and Shahraki, T., Food pattern, lifestyle and diabetes mellitus. Int. J. High Risk Behav. Addict., 2014, 3, e8725.

  • Roof, K. and Oleru, N., Public health: Seattle and King County’s push for the built environment. J. Environ. Health, 2008, 71, 24– 27.

  • WHO, Preventing Chronic Disease: a vital investment. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2010.

  • Anjana, R. M. et al., Diabetes in Asian Indians – how much is preventable? Ten-year follow-up of the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-142). Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2015, 109, 253–261.

  • Hu, F. B. et al., Diet, lifestyle and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, 45, 790–797.

  • Jaacks, L. M., Siegel, K. R., Gujral, U. P. and Narayan, K. M., Type-2 diabetes: a 21st century epidemic. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 2016, 30, 331–343.

  • International Diabetes Federation, IDF Diabetes Atlas, IDF, Brussels, Belgium, 2015, 7th edn.

  • Hwang, C. K., Han, P. V., Zabetian, A., Ali, M. K. and Narayan, K. M., Rural diabetes prevalence quintuples over twenty-five years in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2012, 96, 271–285.

  • Yusuf, S., Reddy, S., Ounpuu, S. and Anand, S., Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: Part II: variations in cardiovascular disease by specific ethnic groups and geographic regions and prevention strategies. Circulation, 2001, 104, 2855–2864.

  • NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in diabetes since 1980: a pooled analysis of 751 population-based studies with 4.4 million participants. Lancet, 2016, 387, 1513– 1530.

  • Ghaffar, A., Reddy, K. S. and Singhi, M., Burden of noncommunicable diseases in South Asia. BMJ, 2004, 328, 807–810.

  • Anjana, R. M. et al., The need for obtaining accurate nationwide estimates of diabetes prevalence in India – rationale for a national study on diabetes. Indian J. Med. Res., 2011, 133, 369–380.

  • Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Latha, E., Manoharan, M. and Vijay, V., Impact of urbanization on the lifestyle and on the prevalence of diabetes in native Asian Indian population. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 1999, 44, 207–213.

  • International Diabetes Federation: Diabetes Atlas, IDF, Brussels, Belgium, 2000, 1st edn.

  • Allgot, B. et al. (eds), Diabetes Atlas, International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium, 2003, 2nd edn.

  • Sicree, R., Shaw, J. and Zimmet, P., Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance. In Diabetes Atlas (ed. Gan, D.). International Diabetes Federation, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, 3rd edn, pp. 15–103.

  • Unwin, N., Whiting, D., Gan, D., Jacqmain, O. and Ghyoot, G. (eds), International Diabetes Federation, Diabetes Atlas, IDF, Brussels, Belgium, 2009, 4th edn, pp. 1–27.

  • International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, IDF, Brussels, Belgium, 5th edn, 2011.

  • International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas, IDF, Brussels, Belgium, 6th edn, 2013.

  • Ahuja, M. M. S., Epidemiological studies on diabetes mellitus in India. In Epidemiology of Diabetes in Developing Countries (eds Ahuja, M. M. S.), Interprint, New Delhi, 1979, pp. 29–38.

  • Ahuja, M. M. S., Recent contributions to the epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in India. Int. J. Diab. Develop. Countries, 1991, 11, 5–9.

  • Ramachandran, A. et al., High prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India: National Urban Diabetes Survey. Diabetologia, 2001, 44, 1094–1101.

  • Sadikot, S. M. et al., The burden of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in India using the WHO 1999 criteria: prevalence of diabetes in India study (PODIS). Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2004, 66, 301–307.

  • Mohan, V. et al., Urban rural differences in prevalence of selfreported diabetes in India – the WHO–ICMR Indian NCD risk factor surveillance. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2008, 80, 159–168.

  • Anjana, R. M. et al., The Indian Council of Medical ResearchIndia Diabetes (ICMR-INDIAB) study: methodological details. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol., 2011, 5, 906–914.

  • Anjana, R. M. et al., On behalf of the ICMR–INDIAB Collaborative Study Group. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: phase I results of the Indian Council of Medical Research-INdia DIABetes (ICMR–INDIAB) study. Diabetologia, 2011, 54, 3022–3027.

  • Deepa, M. et al., CARRS Surveillance Research Group, High burden of prediabetes and diabetes in three large cities in South Asia: the Center for cArdio-metabolic Risk Reduction in South Asia (CARRS) Study. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2015, 110, 172– 182.

  • Anjana, R. M. et al., Incidence of diabetes and prediabetes and predictors of progression among Asian Indians: 10-year follow-up of the Chennai urban rural epidemiology study (CURES). Diabetes Care, 2015, 8, 1441–1448.

  • Mohan, V., Sharp, P. S., Cloke, H. R., Burrin, J. M., Schumer, B. and Kohner, E. M., Serum immunoreactive insulin responses to a glucose load in Asian Indian and European type 2 (non-insulindependent) diabetic patients and control subjects. Diabetologia, 1986, 29, 235–237.

  • Sharp, P. S., Mohan, V., Levy, J. C., Mather, H. M. and Kohner, E. M., Insulin resistance in patients of Asian Indian and European origin with non-insulin dependent diabetes. Horm. Metab. Res., 1987, 19, 84–85.

  • Staimez, L. R. et al., Evidence of reduced -cell function in Asian Indians with mild dysglycaemia. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36, 2772–2778.

  • Rema, M., Premkumar, S., Anitha, B., Deepa, R., Pradeepa, R. and Mohan, V., Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in urban India: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) eye study, I. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 2005, 46, 2328–2333.

  • Pradeepa, R., Rema, M., Vignesh, J., Deepa, M., Deepa, R. and Mohan, V., Prevalence and risk factors for diabetic neuropathy in an urban South Indian population: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-55). Diabetic Med., 2008, 25, 407–412.

  • Unnikrishnan, R. I., Rema, M., Pradeepa, R., Deepa, M., Shanthirani, C. S., Deepa, R. and Mohan, V., Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic nephropathy in an urban South Indian population: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES 45). Diabetes Care, 2007, 30, 2019–2024.

  • Pradeepa, R., Chella, S., Surendar, J., Indulekha, K., Anjana, R. M. and Mohan, V., Prevalence of peripheral vascular disease and its association with carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness in type 2 diabetes: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES 111). Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res., 2014, 11, 190–200.

  • van Dieren, S., Beulens, J. W., van der Schouw, Y. T., Grobbee, D. E. and Neal, B., The global burden of diabetes and its complications: an emerging pandemic. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil., 2010, 17, S3–S8.

  • Sigal, R. J., Kenny, G. P., Wasserman, D. H. and CastanedaSceppa, C., Physical activity/exercise and type 2 diabetes. A consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care, 2004, 27, 2518–2539; doi:10.2337/dc06-9910.

  • Wilmot, E. G. et al., Sedentary time in adults and the association with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and death: systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia, 2012, 55, 2895–2905; doi: 10.1007/s00125-012-2677-z.

  • Henson, J. et al., Associations of objectively measured sedentary behaviour and physical activity with markers of cardiometabolic health. Diabetologia, 2013, 56, 1012–1020; doi:10.1007/s00125-013-2845-9.

  • WHO, Global recommendations on physical activity for health. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2010.

  • Woodcock, J. et al., Non-vigorous physical activity and all-cause mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int. J. Epidemiol., 2011, 40, 121–138.

  • WHO, Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.

  • Lee, I. M., Shiroma, E. J., Lobelo, F., Puska, P., Blair, S. N. and Katzmarzyk, P. T., Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Effect of physical inactivity on major non-communicable diseases worldwide: an analysis of burden of disease and life expectancy. Lancet, 2012, 380, 219–229.

  • Ding, D., Lawson, K. D., Kolbe-Alexander, T. L., Finkelstein, E. A., Katzmarzyk, P. T., van Mechelen, W. and Pratt, M., Lancet Physical Activity Series 2 Executive Committee. The economic burden of physical inactivity: a global analysis of major noncommunicable diseases. Lancet, 2016, 388, 1311–1324.

  • Paffenbarger, R. S., Jung, D. L., Leung, R. W. and Hyde, R. T., Physical activity and hypertension: an epidemiological view. Ann. Med., 23, 319–327.

  • Tremblay, A. et al., Effect of intensity of physical activity on body fatness and fat distribution. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 1990, 51, 153–157.

  • Enkhmaa, B., Surampudi, P., Anuurad, E. and Berglund, L., Lifestyle changes: effect of diet, exercise, functional food and obesity treatment, on lipids and lipoproteins. 2015 Jun 8. In Endotext (internet). (eds De Gischolar_main, L. J. et al.), South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc., 2000.

  • Hawley, J. A. and Lessard, S. J., Exercise training-induced improvements in insulin action. Acta Physiol., 2008, 192, 127–135.

  • Adamopoulos, S. et al., Physical training reduces peripheral markers of inflammation in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur. Heart J., 2001, 22, 791–797.

  • Nabkasorn, C., Miyai, N., Sootmongkol, A., Junprasert, S., Yamamoto, H., Arita, M. and Miyashita, K., Effects of physical exercise on depression, neuroendocrine stress hormones and physiological fitness in adolescent females with depressive symptoms. Eur. J. Public Health, 2006, 16, 179–184.

  • Kobayashi, N. et al., Exercise training in patients with chronic heart failure improves endothelial function predominantly in the trained extremities. Circ. J., 2003, 67, 505–510.

  • Anjana, R. M., Ranjani, H., Unnikrishnan, R., Weber, M. B., Mohan, V. and Venkat Narayan, K. M., Exercise patterns and behaviour in Asian Indians: data from the baseline survey of the Diabetes Community Lifestyle Improvement Program (D-CLIP). Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2015, 107, 77–84.

  • WHO, The World Health Report 2002: Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2002.

  • USDHHS, Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Report 2008. United States Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, 2008.

  • Hallal, P. C., Andersen, L. B., Bull, F. C., Guthold, R., Haskell, W. and Ekelund, U., Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet, 2012, 380, 247–257.

  • Guthold, R., Ono, T., Strong, K. L., Chatterji, S. and Morabia, A., Worldwide variability in physical inactivity: a 51-country survey. Am. J. Prev. Med., 2008, 34, 486–494.

  • Anjana, R. M. et al., Physical activity and inactivity patterns in India – results from the ICMR-INDIAB study (phase-1) [ICMRINDIAB5]. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act, 2014, 11, 26.

  • Manson, J. E., Nathan, D. M., Krolewski, A. S., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C. and Hennekens, C. H., A prospective study of exercise and incidence of diabetes among US male physicians. JAMA, 1992, 268, 63–67.

  • Albright, A., Franz, M., Hornsby, G., Kriska, A., Marrero, D., Ullrich, I. and Verity, L. S., American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and type 2 diabetes. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 2000, 32, 1345–1360.

  • Skerrett, P. J. and Manson, J. E., Reduction in risk of coronary heart disease and diabetes. In Handbook of Exercise in Diabetes (eds Ruderman, N. et al.), American Diabetes Association, Alexandria, VA, USA, 2002, pp. 155–181.

  • Bassuk, S. S. and Manson, J. E., Epidemiological evidence for the role of physical activity in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. J. Appl. Physiol., 2005, 99, 1193–1204.

  • Eriksson, K. F. and Lindgärde, F., Prevention of type 2 (noninsulindependent) diabetes mellitus by diet and physical exercise The 6-year Malmö feasibility study. Diabetologia, 1991, 34, 891–898.

  • Pan, X. R. et al., Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care, 1997, 20, 537–544.

  • Tuomilehto, J. et al., Finnish diabetes prevention Study Group. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N. Engl. J. Med., 2001, 344, 1343–1350.

  • Knowler, W. C. et al., Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group, Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N. Engl. J. Med., 2002, 346, 393.

  • Ramachandran, A., Snehalatha, C., Mary, S., Mukesh, B., Bhaskar, A. D. and Vijay, V., Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme (IDPP), The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1). Diabetologia, 2006, 49, 289–297.

  • Kosaka, K., Noda, M. and Kuzuya, T., Prevention of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: a Japanese trial in IGT males. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract., 2005, 67, 152–162.

  • Weber, M. B., Ranjani, H., Staimez, L. R., Anjana, R. M., Ali, M. K., Narayan, K. M. and Mohan, V., The stepwise approach to diabetes prevention: results from the D-CLIP randomized controlled trial. Diabetes Care, 2016, 39, 1760–1767.

  • Narayan, K. M. and Gujral, U. P., Evidence tips the scale toward screening for hyperglycemia. Diabetes Care, 2015, 38, 1399–1401.

  • Hu, F. B. et al., Walking compared with vigorous physical activity and risk of type 2 diabetes in women: a prospective study. JAMA, 1999, 282, 1433–1439.

  • Jeon, C. Y., Lokken, R. P., Hu, F. B. and van Dam, R. M., Physical activity of moderate intensity and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Diabetes Care, 2007, 30, 744–752.

  • Davison, K. K. and Lawson, C. T., Do attributes in the physical environment influence children’s physical activity? A review of the literature. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., 2006, 3, 19.

  • World Health Organization. Interventions on diet and physical activity: what works: summary report; http://www.who.int/diet-physicalactivity/ summary-report-09.pdf.

  • Allanah, L., Ashley, K. and Farley, E., Diabetes and the built environment: contributions from an emerging interdisciplinary research programme. UWOMJ, 2010, 79, 20–22.

  • Auchincloss, A. H., Diez Roux, A. V., Mujahid, M. S., Shen, M., Bertoni, A. G. and Carnethon, M. R., Neighborhood resources for physical activity and healthy foods and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Arch. Intern. Med., 2009, 169, 1698–1704.

  • Glazier, R. H. (eds), Neighbourhood Environments and Resources for Healthy Living – A Focus on Diabetes in Toronto: ICES Atlas, Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, 2007; http://www.ices.on.ca/Publications/Atlases-and-Reports/2007/Neighbourhood-environments-and-resources.aspx (accessed on 29 August 2016).

  • Booth, G. L., Creatore, M. I., Moineddin, R., Gozdyra, P., Weyman, J. T., Matheson, F. I. and Glazier, R. H., Unwalkable neighborhoods, poverty, and the risk of diabetes among recent immigrants to Canada compared with long-term residents. Diabetes Care, 2013, 36, 302–308.

  • Mohan, V., Shanthirani, C. S., Deepa, M., Datta, M., Williams, O. D. and Deepa, R., Community empowerment-a successful model for prevention of noncommunicable diseases in India – the Chennai Urban Population Study (CUPS-17). J. Assoc. Physicians India, 2006, 54, 858–862.

  • Deepa, M., Anjana, R. M., Manjula, D., Narayan, K. V. and Mohan, V., Convergence of prevalence rates of diabetes and cardiometabolic risk factors in middle and low income groups in urban India: 10-year follow-up of the Chennai Urban Population Study. J. Diabetes Sci. Technol., 2011, 5, 918–927.

  • Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F. and Frank, L. D., Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: findings from the transportation, urban design and planning literatures. Ann. Behav. Med., 2003, 25, 80–91.

  • Sallis, J. F. and Glanz, K., The role of built environments in physical activity, eating, and obesity in childhood. Future Child, 2006, 16, 89–108.

  • Bassett Jr, D. R., Pucher, J., Buehler, R., Thompson, D. L. and Crouter, S. E., Walking, cycling, and obesity rates in Europe, North America, and Australia. J. Phys. Act. Health, 2008, 5, 795–814.

  • Heath, G. W. et al., Evidence-based intervention in physical activity: lessons from around the world. Lancet, 2012, 380, 272–281.

  • Cerin, E. et al., Neighborhood environments and objectively measured physical activity in 11 countries. Med. Sci. Sports Exercise, 2014, 46, 2253–2264.

  • King, A. C., Castro, C., Wilcox, S., Eyler, A. A., Sallis, J. F. and Brownson, R. C., Personal and environmental factors associated with physical inactivity among different racial–ethnic groups of US middle-aged and older-aged women. Health Psychol., 2000, 19, 354–364.

  • Brownson, R. C., Baker, E. A., Housemann, R. A., Brennan, L. K. and Bacak, S. J., Environmental and policy determinants of physical activity in the United States. Am. J. Public Health, 2001, 91, 1995–2003.

  • Humpel, N., Owen, N. and Leslie, E., Environmental factors associated with adults’ participation in physical activity. Am. J. Prev. Med., 2002, 22, 188–199.

  • Sallis, J. F. et al., Physical activity in relation to urban environments in 14 cities worldwide: a cross-sectional study. Lancet, 2016, 387, 2207–2217.

  • Esteban-Cornejo, I. et al., Parental and adolescent perceptions of neighborhood safety related to adolescents’ physical activity in their neighborhood. Res. Q. Exercize Sport, 2016, 87, 191–199.

  • Goenka, S. and Andersen, L. B., Our health is a function of where we live. Lancet, 2016, 387, 2168–2170.


Abstract Views: 363

PDF Views: 88




  • Built Environment, Physical Activity and Diabetes

Abstract Views: 363  |  PDF Views: 88

Authors

Ranjit Mohan Anjana
Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, 4, Conran Smith Road, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600 086, India
Rajendra Pradeepa
Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Dr Mohan’s Diabetes Specialities Centre, 4, Conran Smith Road, Gopalapuram, Chennai 600 086, India

Abstract


Type-2 diabetes, which has emerged as a global epidemic in recent years, is strongly related to lifestyle and economic change. The built environment (BE) influences lifestyle factors such as physical activity and diet. Evidence shows that individuals who live in neighbourhoods with the availability of destinations for physical activity within walking/cycling distance are more likely to engage in the same and thereby improve their health. Walking can be increased in neighbourhoods by providing useable and unencroached pedestrian pathways, undertaking motor-traffic reduction strategies, improved perceived neighbourhood safety, increasing good street connectivity, parks, green space, playgrounds and recreation areas. Thus for the BE to positively influence health outcomes and be made more activity-friendly, requires combined efforts of health professionals and stakeholders in the Government as well as the private sector.

Keywords


Built Environment, Diet, Diabetes, Health Outcome, Physical Activity.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv113%2Fi07%2F1327-1336