Current Science

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Genetic Gain for Yield in Rice Breeding and Rice Production in India to Meet with the Demand from Increased Human Population


Affiliations
1 ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India
2 Institute of Biotechnology, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad 500 030, India
 

Our objective was to estimate genetic gain for yields in genotypes tested in 11 rice ecosystems from 1995 to 2013 in India and compare the growth trend of human population and national rice grain production in 1974 to 2013. In each ecosystem, the check used remained the same over years but showed similar and significant increases along with top-3 genotypes and experimental mean grain yields derived from sets of genotypes that varied with the year. Therefore, when environmental effects were eliminated, there was no significant genetic gain in yield of genotypes. Annually human population grew linearly at 16.203 million persons and rice production at 1.943 million tonnes (mt) during 1974–1994. This growth slowed during 1995– 2013 in population by 16.131 million persons and in rice production by 1.2753 mt. Breeding for higher genetic yields should be restricted to the four mega environments which offer scope, and exploit the unfolding advancements in rice genomics. The national average yield of un-milled rice was 3.76 t/ha. Evidence indicates that the potential yield in rice is 15–16 t/ha and yields of 10 t/ha is attainable in relatively riskfree irrigated (~20 m ha) and rainfed shallow lowland (11 m ha) ecosystems. Closing yield gap (~6 t/ha) through corrective technological and policy interventions is urgently needed to ensure rice availability to match with the demands of growing population.

Keywords

Attainable Yield, Breeding, Genetic Gain, Potential Yield, Mega Environments, Oryza, Population, Production, Rice.
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Lin, C. S., Binns, M. R. and Lefkovitch, L. P., Stability analysis: Where do we stand? Crop Sci., 1986, 2, 894–900.

  • Jensen, N. F., Floating checks for plant breeding nurseries. Cereal Res. Commun., 1976, 4, 285–295.

  • Muralidharan, K., Prasad, G. S. V. and Rao, C. S., Breeding for rice improvement, where do we stand? Curr. Sci., 1996, 71, 438– 448.

  • Muralidharan, K., Prasad, G. S. V. and Rao, C. S., Yield performance of rice genotypes in international multi-environment trials during 1976–97. Curr. Sci., 2002, 83, 610–619.

  • Meridth Jr and Bridge, R. R., In Genetic contribution to yield gains of five major crop plants. Crop Sci. Soc. Am. Spl. Publ., 1984, 7, 75–87.

  • GOI, Government of India Agricultural statistics at a glance. Department of Economic and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, 2015; http://agricoop.nic.in/agristatisticsnew.html

  • ICAR-IIRR, Annual progress reports 1968–2018, All-India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP). ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (formerly Directorate of Rice Research), Hyderabad, India, 1968–2015.

  • Snedecor, G. W. and Cochran, W. G., Statistical Methods, Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, 1967.

  • Gomez, K. A. and Gomez, A. A., Statistical procedures for agricultural research with emphasis on rice. International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, 1982.

  • Hafner, S., Trends in maize, rice and wheat yields for 188 nations over the past 40 years, a prevalence of linear growth. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 2003, 97(1), 275–283.

  • Gracini, P., Eskridge, K. M. and Cassman, K. G., Distinguishing between yield advances and yield plateaus in historical crop production trends. Nat. Commun., 2013, 4, 2918; doi:10,1038/ncomms3918] www.nature.com/nature communications

  • Brisson, N., Gate, P., Gouache, D., Carmet, G., Oury, F.-X. and Huard, F., Why are wheat yields stagnating in Europe? A comprehensive data analysis in France. Field Crops Res., 2010, 119, 201– 212.

  • Gourdji, S. M., Mathews, KyL., Reynolds, M., Crossa, J. and Lobell, D. B., An assessment of wheat yield sensitivity and breeding gains in hot environment. Proc. R. Soc. B. Biol. Sci. 3013, 2014, 280, 20122190.

  • Peng, S., Cassman, K. G., Virmani, S. S., Sheehy, J. and Khush, G. S., Yield potential trends of tropical rice since release of IR8 and challenge of increasing yield potential. Field Crops Res., 1999, 39, 1552–1559.

  • Sanchez-Gracia, M., Royo, C., Aparicio, N., Martin-Sanchez, J. A. and Alvaro, F., Genetic improvement of bread wheat yield and associated traits in Spain during the 20th century. J. Agric. Sci., 2013, 151, 105–118; doi:10.1017/S002189612000330.

  • Beche, E., Benin, G., DaSilva, C. L., Munaro, L. B. and Marchese, J. A., Genetic gain in yield and changes associated with physiological traits in Brazilian wheat during the 20th century. Eur. J. Agron., 2014, 61, 49–59.

  • Fischer, R. A. and Edmeades, G. O., Breeding and cereal yield progress. Crop Sci., 2010, 50, 85–98.

  • Austin, R. B., Ford, M. A. and Mogan, C. L., Genetic improvement in the yield of winter wheat, a further evaluation. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge, 1989, 112, 295–30l.

  • Perry, M. W. and D’Antuono, M. F., Yield improvement and associated characteristics of some Australian spring wheat cultivars introduced between 1860 and 1982. Aust. J. Agr. Res., 1989, 40, 457–472.

  • DonMez, E., Sears, R. G., Shroyer, J. P. and Paulsen, G. M., Genetic gain in yield attributes of winter wheat in the Great Plains. Crop Sci., 2001, 41, 1412–1419.

  • Morgounov, A. et al., Genetic gains for grain yield in high latitude spring wheat grown in Western Siberia in 1900–2008. Field Crops Res., 2010, 117, 101–112.

  • Brancourt-Hulmel, M., Doussinault, G., Lecomte, C., Berard, P., Le Buanec, B. and Trottet, M., Genetic improvement of agronomic traits of winter wheat cultivars released in France from 1946 to 1992. Crop. Sci., 2003, 43, 37–45.

  • Cox, T. S., Shroyer, R. J., BenHui, L., Sears, R. G. and Martin, T. J., Genetic improvement in agronomic traits of hard red winter wheat cultivars from 1919 to 1987. Crop Sci., 1988, 28, 756–760.

  • Rodrigues, O., Lhanby, J. C. B., Didonet, A. D. and Marchese, J. A., Fifty years of wheat breeding in Southern Brazil, yield improvement and associated changes. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., 2007, 42, 817–825.

  • Mellado, M., El trigo en Chile. Institute of investigations agriculture. Centro Regional de Investigacion Quilamapu. Colleccion Libros INIA, N0 21. Chillan, Chile, 2007, p. 648.

  • Reyes, J. M., Estudio del advance genetico de genotipos de trigo harinero primaveral sembrados en Chille con distintoano delliberacion. Memoria de Titulo Ingeniero Agronomo. Universidad de Talca, Chille, 2009, p. 36.

  • Zhou, Y., He, Z. H., Chen, X. M., Wang, D. S., Yan, J., Xia, X. C. and Zhang, Y., Genetic improvement of wheat yield potential in North China. In Wheat Production in Stressed Environments (eds Buck, H. T., Nisi, J. E. and Salom, N.), Springer-Verlag, New York, 2007, pp. 583–589.

  • Ahlemeyer, J., Aykut, F., Kohler, W., Friedt, W. and Ordon, F., Genetic gain and genetic diversity in German winter barley cultivars. Options Mediterraneenes SerA, 2005, 81, 43–47.

  • Redaelli, R., Lagana, P., Rizza, F., Nicosia, O. L. D. and Cattivilli, L., Genetic progress of oats in Italy. Euphytica, 2008, 164, 679– 687.

  • Abeledo, L. G., Calderini, D. F. and Slafer, G. A., Genetic improvement of yield responsiveness to nitrogen fertilization and its physiological determinants in barley. Euphytica, 2003, 133, 291– 298.

  • Sayeare, K. D., The role of crop management research at CIMMYT in addressing bread wheat yield potential issues. In Increasing Yield Potential in Wheat, Breaking the Barriers (eds Reynolds, M. P., Rajaram, S. and McNab, A.), Mexico, DF, 1996, pp. 203–207.

  • Prasad, G. S. V., Muralidharan, K. and Rao, C. S., Stability and yield performance of genotypes, A proposal for re-grouping world rice area into mega environments. Curr. Sci., 2001, 81, 1337– 1346.

  • IRRI, International Rice Research Institute, Annual final reports. International Rice Testing Program (IRTP) or, International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER), Philippines, 1976– 1998.

  • ICAR-IIRR, Production oriented survey 1975–2014. All-India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP). ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research (formerly Directorate of Rice Research), Hyderabad, India, 1975–2015.

  • Prasad, G. S. V., Prasadarao, U., Rani, N. S., Rao, L. V. S., Pasalu, I. C. and Muralidharan, K., Indian varieties released in countries around the world. Curr. Sci., 2001, 80, 1508–1511.

  • Tweeten, L. and Thomson, S. R., Long-term agricultural output supply-demand and real farm and food prices. Working paper AEDE-WP 0044-08. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 2008.

  • Tang, S., Ding, L. and Bonjean, A. P. A., Rice production and genetic improvement in China. In Cereals in China (eds Zhang, H. E. and Bonjean, A. P. A.), DF Mexico, 2010, pp. 15–34. ISBN 978-970-648-177-1.

  • Fan, M. et al., Food security. Improving crop productivity and resource efficiency to ensure food security and environmental quality in China. J. Exp. Bot., 2012, 63, 13–24.

  • Zhang, H. et al., Progressive integrative crop managements. Field Crops Res., 2018, 215, 1–11.

  • Food and Agriculture Organization, FAO agricultural database. (www.fao.org), FAO, Rome, Italy, 2004.

  • FAO, 2006; http://www.fao.org/Newsroom/en/news/2006/1000387/index.html

  • Lacy, J., Clampett, W. and Nagy, J., Bridging the rice yield gap in Australia, FAO document repository, 2000; http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6905e/x6905e06

  • van Ittersum, M. K. and Rabbinge, R., Concepts of production ecology for analysis and quantification of agricultural input-output combinations. Field Crops Res., 1997, 52, 197–208.

  • Siddiq, E. A., Reddy, C. K., Zaman, F. U. and Muralidharan, K., Finding new yield thresholds through changing concept of plant type in rice. In International Dialogue on Perception and Prospects of Designer Rice (eds Muralidharan, K. and Siddiq, E. A.), Society for Advancement of Rice Research, ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, 2013, pp. 29–38.

  • Espea, M. B. et al., Yield gap analysis of US rice production systems shows opportunities for improvement. Field Crops Res., 2016, 196, 276–283.

  • vanOorta, P. A. J., Saito, K., Grassini, D. P., Cassman, K. G. and van Ittersum, M. K., Can yield gap analysis be used to inform R&D prioritization? Glob. Food Sec., 2017, 12, 109–118.

  • Yang, W. S., Peng, S., Laza, R. C., Visperas, R. M. and DionisioSese, M. I., Grain yield and yield attributes of new plant type and hybrid rice. Crop Sci., 2007, 47, 1393–1400.

  • Choudhary, K. M. et al., Evaluating alternatives to rice–wheat system in western Indo-Gangetic Plains: Crop yields, water productivity and economic profitability. Field Crops Res., 2018, 218, 1–10.

  • Cheng, Z. J., Zhuang, J. Y., Fan, Y. Y., Du, J. H. and Cao, L. Y., Progress in research and development on hybrid rice, a superdomesticate in China. Ann. Bot. (London), 2007, 100(5), 959–966.

  • Yuan, L. P. (ed.), Super Hybrid Rice Research, Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publishers. Shanghai, China, 2006, pp. 2–3.

  • Taylaran, R. D., Ozawa, S., Miyamoto, N., Ookawa, T., Motobayashi, T. and Hirasawa, T., Performance of a high yielding modern rice cultivar Takanakari and several old and new cultivars grown with and without chemical fertilizers in a submerged paddy field. Plant Prod. Sci., 2009, 12, 365–380.

  • Peng, S., Khush, G. S., Virk. P., Tang, Q. and Zou, Y., Progress in ideotype breeding to increase yield potential. Field Crops Res., 2008, 108, 32–38.

  • Yu, C. and Lei, J., Theory and practice of super rice breeding in China. Acta Agric. Jiangxi, 2001, 13, 51–59 (in Chinese with English abs).

  • Lu, C. and Zhou, J., A widely commercialized two-line super hybrid rice, Liangyoupeijiu. Int. Rice Res. Notes, 2003, 28, 20.

  • Guinness World Records, Highest wheat yield, 2003; http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/1/highest-wheat-yield

  • Hammer, T. et al., Can changes in canopy and/or ischolar_main system architecture explain historical maize yield trends in the US corn belt? Crop Sci., 2009, 49, 299–312.

  • Muralidharan, K. and Siddiq, E. A. (eds), International dialogue on perception and prospects of designer rice. Society for Advancement of Rice Research, Directorate of Rice Research, Hyderabad, 2013, p. 386.

  • Sorrels, M. E., Application of new knowledge, technologies and strategies to wheat improvement. Euphytica, 2007, 157, 299–306.

  • Knight, J., Crop improvement, a dying breed. Nature, 2003, 421, 568–570.

  • Rao, P. V., Muralidharan, K. and Siddiq, E. A. (eds), Molecular breeding strategies for crop improvement. Proc. One-day Dialogue, July 2017, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University (PJTSAU), Hyderabad, 2018, p. 250; ISBN 978-81936934-0-7.


Abstract Views: 239

PDF Views: 90




  • Genetic Gain for Yield in Rice Breeding and Rice Production in India to Meet with the Demand from Increased Human Population

Abstract Views: 239  |  PDF Views: 90

Authors

K. Muralidharan
ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India
G. S. V. Prasad
ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India
C. S. Rao
ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad 500 030, India
E. A. Siddiq
Institute of Biotechnology, Professor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural University, Hyderabad 500 030, India

Abstract


Our objective was to estimate genetic gain for yields in genotypes tested in 11 rice ecosystems from 1995 to 2013 in India and compare the growth trend of human population and national rice grain production in 1974 to 2013. In each ecosystem, the check used remained the same over years but showed similar and significant increases along with top-3 genotypes and experimental mean grain yields derived from sets of genotypes that varied with the year. Therefore, when environmental effects were eliminated, there was no significant genetic gain in yield of genotypes. Annually human population grew linearly at 16.203 million persons and rice production at 1.943 million tonnes (mt) during 1974–1994. This growth slowed during 1995– 2013 in population by 16.131 million persons and in rice production by 1.2753 mt. Breeding for higher genetic yields should be restricted to the four mega environments which offer scope, and exploit the unfolding advancements in rice genomics. The national average yield of un-milled rice was 3.76 t/ha. Evidence indicates that the potential yield in rice is 15–16 t/ha and yields of 10 t/ha is attainable in relatively riskfree irrigated (~20 m ha) and rainfed shallow lowland (11 m ha) ecosystems. Closing yield gap (~6 t/ha) through corrective technological and policy interventions is urgently needed to ensure rice availability to match with the demands of growing population.

Keywords


Attainable Yield, Breeding, Genetic Gain, Potential Yield, Mega Environments, Oryza, Population, Production, Rice.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv116%2Fi4%2F544-560