Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Rhizosphere–Plant–Microbial System under Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons-Induced Stress


Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110 021, India
2 Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara College, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110 021, India
 

The rhizosphere–plant–microbial association is a complex and intricate system susceptible to various organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Since the soil acts as a sink of PAH, their accumulation shifts the delicate rhizosphere–plant–microbe equilibrium and enters the food chain through plants. How the presence of PAH in the rhizosphere affects the rhizosphere–plant–microbial system is still unclear. This study aims to understand the effects of PAH on rhizosphere–plant–microbial interactions. It also explores the potential use of microbes to alleviate PAH-induced stress in the soil for effective and sustainable management.

Keywords

Bioaccumulation, Microbe-Mediated Remediation, Persistent Organic Pollutants, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Chen, X. et al., Past, present, and future perspectives on the assessment of bioavailability/bioaccessibility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a 20-year systemic review based on scientific econometrics. Sci. Total Environ., 2021, 774, 145585.
  • Shen, H. et al., Global atmospheric emissions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from 1960 to 2008 and future predictions. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2013, 47, 6415–6424.
  • Zhang, Y. and Tao, S., Global atmospheric emission inventory of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for 2004. Atmos. Environ., 2009, 43, 812–819.
  • Kumar, A., Ambade, B., Sankar, T. K., Sethi, S. S. and Kurwadkar, S., Source identification and health risk assessment of atmospheric PM2. 5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Jamshedpur, India. Sustain. Cit. Soc., 2020, 52, 101801.
  • Liu, R., Dai, Y. and Sun, L., Effect of rhizosphere enzymes on phytoremediation in PAH-contaminated soil using five plant species. PLoS ONE, 2015, 10, e0120369.
  • Patel, A. B., Shaikh, S., Jain, K. R., Desai, C. and Madamwar, D., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: sources, toxicity and remediation approaches. Front. Microbiol., 2020, 11, 562813.
  • Kuppusamy, S., Thavamani, P., Venkateswarlu, K., Lee, Y. B., Naidu, R. and Megharaj, M., Remediation approaches for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contaminated soils: technological constraints, emerging trends and future directions. Chemosphere, 2017, 168, 944–968.
  • Cristaldi, A., Conti, G. O., Jho, E. H., Zuccarello, P., Grasso, A., Copat, C. and Ferrante, M., Phytoremediation of contaminated soils by heavy metals and PAHs. A brief review. Environ. Technol. Innov., 2017, 8, 309–326.
  • Fismes, J., Perrin-Ganier, C., Empereur-Bissonnet, P. and Morel, J. L., Soil-to-root transfer and translocation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by vegetables grown on industrial contaminated soils. J. Environ. Qual., 2002, 31, 1649–1656.
  • Oguntimehin, I., Eissa, F. and Sakugawa, H., Negative effects of fluoranthene on the ecophysiology of tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill). Fluoranthene mists negatively affected tomato plants. Chemosphere, 2010, 78, 877–884.
  • Liste, H. H. and Prutz, I., Plant performance, dioxygenase-expressing rhizosphere bacteria, and biodegradation of weathered hydrocarbons in contaminated soil. Chemosphere, 2006, 62, 1411–1420.
  • Kumar, M. et al., Remediation of soils and sediments polluted with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: to immobilize, mobilize, or degrade? J. Hazard. Mater., 2021, 420, 126534.
  • Krauss, M. and Wilcke, W., Polychlorinated naphthalenes in urban soils: analysis, concentrations, and relation to other persistent organic pollutants. Environ. Pollut., 2003, 12, 75–89.
  • Hussain, K., Hoque, R. R., Balachandran, S., Medhi, S., Idris, M. G., Rahman, M. and Hussain, F. L., Monitoring and risk analysis of PAHs in the environment. In Handbook of Environmental Material Management (ed. Hussain, C. M.), Springer International Publishing, AG, Cham, Switzerland, 2018, pp. 1–35.
  • Kanaly, R. A. and Harayama, S., Biodegradation of high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by bacteria. J. Bacteriol., 2000, 182, 2059–2067.
  • Qu, Y. et al., Potential sources, influencing factors, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface soil of urban parks in Beijing, China. Environ. Pollut., 2020, 260, 114016.
  • Duan, Y. et al., Characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soils at a typical coke production base in Shanxi, China. Chemosphere, 2015, 127, 64–69.
  • Berg, G. and Smalla, K., Plant species and soil type cooperatively shape the structure and function of microbial communities in the rhizosphere. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol., 2009, 68, 1–13.
  • van Loon, L. C., Plant responses to plant growth-promoting rhizo-bacteria. In New Perspectives and Approaches in Plant Growth, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2007, pp. 243–254.
  • Lagos, L. et al., Current overview on the study of bacteria in the rhizosphere by modern molecular techniques: a mini-review. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 2015, 15, 504–523.
  • Ward, N. L. et al., Three genomes from the phylum Acidobacteria provide insight into the lifestyles of these microorganisms in soils. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 2009, 75, 2046–2056.
  • Liu, F., Mo, X., Kong, W. and Song, Y., Soil bacterial diversity, structure, and function of Suaeda salsa in rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils in various habitats in the Yellow River Delta, China. Sci. Total Environ., 2020, 740, 140144.
  • Qiao, Q. et al., Characterization and variation of the rhizosphere fungal community structure of cultivated tetraploid cotton. PLoS ONE, 2019, 14, e0207903.
  • Gai, J. P., Christie, P., Feng, G. and Li, X. L., Twenty years of research on community composition and species distribution of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in China: a review. Mycorrhiza, 2006, 16, 229–239.
  • Lee, S. M. and Ryu, C. M., Algae as new kids in the beneficial plant microbiome. Front. Plant Sci., 2021, 12, 599742.
  • Storey, S., Ashaari, M. M., Clipson, N., Doyle, E. and De Menezes, A. B., Opportunistic bacteria dominate the soil microbiome response to phenanthrene in a microcosm-based study. Front. Microbiol., 2018, 9, 2815.
  • Singh, M., Awasthi, A., Soni, S. K., Singh, R., Verma, R. K. and Kalra, A., Complementarity among plant growth promoting traits in rhizospheric bacterial communities promotes plant growth. Sci. Rep., 2015, 5, 1–8.
  • Gupta, A., Gupta, R. and Singh, R. L., Microbes and environment. In Principles and Application of Environmental Biotechnology for a Sustainable Future, Springer, Singapore, 2017, pp. 43–84.
  • Eilers, K. G., Lauber, C. L., Knight, R. and Fierer, N., Shifts in bacterial community structure associated with inputs of low molecular weight carbon compounds to soil. Soil Biol. Biochem., 2010, 42, 896–903.
  • dos Santos, J. J. and Maranho, L. T., Rhizospheric microorganisms as a solution for the recovery of soils contaminated by petroleum: a review. J. Environ. Manage., 2018, 210, 104–113.
  • Haritash, A. K. and Kaushik, C. P., Biodegradation aspects of poly-cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): a review. J. Hazard. Mater., 2009, 169, 1–15.
  • Singha, L. P. and Pandey, P., Rhizobacterial community of Jatropha curcas associated with pyrene biodegradation by consortium of PAH-degrading bacteria. Appl. Soil Ecol., 2020, 155, 103685.
  • Sahoo, B., Ningthoujam, R. and Chaudhuri, S., Isolation and characterization of a lindane degrading bacteria Paracoccus sp. NITDBR1 and evaluation of its plant growth promoting traits. Int. Microbiol., 2019, 22, 155–167.
  • Szulc, A. et al., The influence of bioaugmentation and biosurfactant addition on bioremediation efficiency of diesel-oil contaminated soil: feasibility during field studies. J. Environ. Manage., 2014, 132, 121–128.
  • Biswas, B., Qi, F., Biswas, J. K., Wijayawardena, A., Khan, M. A. I. and Naidu, R., The fate of chemical pollutants with soil properties and processes in the climate change paradigm – a review. Soil Syst., 2018, 2, 51.
  • Abdel-Shafy, H. I. and Mansour, M. S., A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egypt. J. Petrol., 2016, 25, 107–123.
  • Ahangar, A. G., Sorption of PAHs in the soil environment with emphasis on the role of soil organic matter: a review. World Appl. Sci. J., 2010, 11, 759–765.
  • Singh, S. K. and Haritash, A. K., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: soil pollution and remediation. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2019, 16, 6489–6512.
  • Irha, N., Slet, J. and Petersell, V., Effect of heavy metals and PAH on soil accessed via dehydrogenase assay. Environ. Int., 2003, 28, 779–782.
  • Włóka, D., Kacprzak, M., Grobelak, A., Grosser, A. and Napora, A., The Impact of PAHs contamination on the physicochemical properties and microbiological activity of industrial soils. Polycycl. Aromat. Compd., 2015, 35, 372–386.
  • Magi, E., Bianco, R., Ianni, C. and di Carro, M., Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the Adriatic Sea. Environ. Pollut., 2002, 119, 91–98.
  • Maletić, S. P., Beljin, J. M., Rončević, S. D., Grgić, M. G. and Dalmacija, B. D., State of the art and future challenges for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is sediments: sources, fate, bioavailability and remediation techniques. J. Hazard. Mater., 2019, 365, 467–482.
  • Tang, J. C., Wang, R. G., Niu, X. W., Wang, M., Chu, H. R. and Zhou, Q. X., Characterization of the rhizoremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil: effect of different influencing factors. Biogeo-sciences, 2010, 7, 3961–3969.
  • Labud, V., Garcia, C. and Hernandez, T., Effect of hydrocarbon pollution on the microbial properties of a sandy and a clay soil. Chemosphere, 2007, 66, 1863–1871.
  • Li, S., Hu, S., Shi, S., Ren, L., Yan, W. and Zhao, H., Microbial diversity and metaproteomic analysis of activated sludge responses to naphthalene and anthracene exposure. RSC Adv., 2019, 9, 22841–22852.
  • Maliszewska-Kordybach, B., Klimkowicz-Pawlas, A., Smreczak, B. and Janusauskaite, D., Ecotoxic effect of phenanthrene on nitrifying bacteria in soils of different properties. J. Environ. Qual., 2007, 36, 1635–1645.
  • Hou, J., Xu, X., Yu, H., Xi, B. and Tan, W., Comparing the long-term responses of soil microbial structures and diversities to poly-ethylene microplastics in different aggregate fractions. Environ. Int., 2021, 149, 106398.
  • Wu, Y., Zeng, J., Zhu, Q., Zhang, Z. and Lin, X., PH is the primary determinant of the bacterial community structure in agricultural soils impacted by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution. Sci. Rep., 2017, 7, 40093.
  • Yi, M., Zhang, L., Li, Y. and Qian, Y., Structural, metabolic, and functional characteristics of soil microbial communities in response to benzo[a]pyrene stress. J. Hazard. Mater., 2022, 431, 128632.
  • Liu, K. et al., Response of rhizosphere microbial community in high-PAH-contaminated soil using Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench. Appl. Sci., 2022, 12, 2973.
  • Zhang, L., Yi, M. and Lu, P., Effects of pyrene on the structure and metabolic function of soil microbial communities. Environ. Pollut., 2022, 119301.
  • Mueller, K. E. and Shann, J. R., PAH dissipation in spiked soil: impacts of bioavailability, microbial activity, and trees. Chemosphere, 2006, 64, 1006–1014.
  • Margesin, R., Determination of enzyme activities in contaminated Soil. In Monitoring and Assessing Soil Bioremediation, Germany, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2005, pp. 309–320.
  • Shen, G., Lu, Y., Zhou, Q. and Hong, J., Interaction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals on soil enzyme. Chemosphere, 2005, 61, 1175–1182.
  • Maliszewska-Kordybach, B., Klimkowicz-Pawlas, A., Smreczak, B. and Stuczyński, T., Relationship between soil concentrations of PAHs and their regional emission indices. Water Air Soil Pollut., 2010, 213, 319–330.
  • Kreslavski, V. D. et al., Effects of polyaromatic hydrocarbons on photosystem II activity in pea leaves. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 2014, 81, 135–142.
  • Calabrese, E. J. and Blain, R. B., Hormesis and plant biology. Environ. Pollut., 2009, 157, 42–48.
  • Chaîneau, C. H., Morel, J. L. and Oudot, J., Phytotoxicity and plant uptake of fuel oil hydrocarbons. J. Environ. Qual., 1997, 26, 1478–1483.
  • Henner, P., Schiavon, M., Druelle, V. and Lichtfouse, E., Phyto-toxicity of ancient gaswork soils. Effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on plant germination. Org. Geochem., 1999, 30, 963–969.
  • Smreczak, B. and Maliszewska-Kordybach, B., Seeds germination and root growth of selected plants in PAH contaminated soil. Fresenius Environ. Bull., 2003, 12, 946–949.
  • García-Alonso, S., Pérez-Pastor, R. M., Sevillano-Castaño, M. L., Escolano, O. and García-Frutos, F. J., Influence of particle size on the quality of PAH concentration measurements in a contaminated soil. Polycycl. Aromat. Compd., 2008, 28, 67–83.
  • Rein, A., Adam, I. K., Miltner, A., Brumme, K., Kästner, M. and Trapp, S., Impact of bacterial activity on turnover of insoluble hydrophobic substrates (phenanthrene and pyrene) – model simulations for prediction of bioremediation success. J. Hazard. Mater., 2016, 306, 105–114.
  • Su, Y. H. and Zhu, Y. G., Uptake of selected PAHs from contaminated soils by rice seedlings (Oryza sativa) and influence of rhizosphere on PAH distribution. Environ. Pollut., 2008, 155, 359–365.
  • Briggs, G. G., Bromilow, R. H. and Evans, A. A., Relationships between lipophilicity and root uptake and translocation of non‐ionised chemicals by barley. Pestic. Sci., 1982, 13, 495–504.
  • Marchal, G., Smith, K. E. C., Mayer, P., Wollesen De Jonge, L. and Karlson, U. G., Impact of soil amendments and the plant rhizosphere on PAH behaviour in soil. Environ. Pollut., 2014, 188, 124–131.
  • Pignatello, J. J. and Li, J., Facilitated bioavailability of PAHs to native soil bacteria promoted by nutrient addition. In AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts, 2006.
  • Fu, P. P., Xia, Q., Sun, X. and Yu, H., Phototoxicity and environmental transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-light-induced reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage. J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part C, 2012, 30, 1–41.
  • Ma, B., He, Y., Chen, H., Hai, X., Ming, J. and Rengel, Z., Dissipation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the rhizosphere: synthesis through meta-analysis. Environ. Pollut., 2010, 158, 855–861.
  • Singer, A. C., Crowley, D. E. and Thompson, I. P., Secondary plant metabolites in phytoremediation and biotransformation. Trends Biotechnol., 2003, 21, 123–130.
  • Goel, G., Pandey, P., Sood, A., Bisht, S., Maheshwari, D. K. and Sharma, G. D., Transformation of pWWO in Rhizobium leguminosarum DPT to engineer toluene degrading ability for rhizoremediation. Indian J. Microbiol., 2012, 52, 197–202.
  • Shen, Y., Li, J., Gu, R., Yue, L., Wang, H., Zhan, X. and Xing, B., Carotenoid and superoxide dismutase are the most effective anti-oxidants participating in ROS scavenging in phenanthrene accumulated wheat leaf. Chemosphere, 2018, 197, 513–525.
  • Liu, H., Weisman, D., Ye, Y. B., Cui, B., Huang, Y. H., Colón-Carmona, A. and Wang, Z. H., An oxidative stress response to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure is rapid and complex in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Sci., 2009, 176, 375–382.
  • Mukhopadhyay, S., Dutta, R. and Das, P., A critical review on plant biomonitors for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air through solvent extraction techniques. Chemosphere, 2020, 251, 126441.
  • Singh, L. and Agarwal, T., Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in diet: Concern for public health. Trends Food Sci. Technol., 2018, 79, 160–170.
  • Lee, S. H., Lee, W. S., Lee, C. H. and Kim, J. G., Degradation of phenanthrene and pyrene in rhizosphere of grasses and legumes. J. Hazard. Mater., 2008, 153, 892–898.
  • Rohrbacher, F. and St-Arnaud, M., Root exudation: the ecological driver of hydrocarbon rhizoremediation. Agronomy, 2016, 6, 19.
  • Muratova, A., Hübner, T., Tischer, S., Turkovskaya, O., Möder, M. and Kuschk, P., Plant – rhizosphere-microflora association during phytoremediation of PAH-contaminated soil. Int. J. Phytoremed., 2003, 5, 137–151.
  • Liu, S., Luo, Y., Cao, Z., Wu, L. and Wong, M., Effect of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) growth on degradation of benzo[a]pyrene and enzyme activity in soil. J. Food Agric. Environ., 2013, 11, 247–253.
  • Bouasria, A. et al., Changes in root-associated microbial communities are determined by species-specific plant growth responses to stress and disturbance. Eur. J. Soil Biol., 2012, 52, 59–66.
  • D’Orazio, V., Ghanem, A. and Senesi, N., Phytoremediation of pyrene contaminated soils by different plant species. Clean-Soil, Air, Water, 2013, 41, 377–382.
  • Thomas, F. and Cébron, A., Short-term rhizosphere effect on available carbon sources, phenanthrene degradation, and active microbiome in an aged-contaminated industrial soil. Front. Micro-biol., 2016, 7, 92.
  • Xiang, L. et al., Integrating biochar, bacteria, and plants for sustainable remediation of soils contaminated with organic pollutants. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2022, 56, 16546–16566.
  • Nie, M., Yang, Q., Jiang, L. F., Fang, C. M., Chen, J. K. and Li, B., Do plants modulate biomass allocation in response to petroleum pollution? Biol. Lett., 2010, 6, 811–814.
  • Zhao, C. et al., Regulation of endogenous phytohormones alters the fluoranthene content in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci. Total Environ., 2019, 688, 935–943.
  • Ahammed, G. J. et al., Brassinosteroids induce plant tolerance against phenanthrene by enhancing degradation and detoxification in Solanum lycopersicum L. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 2012, 80, 28–36.
  • Kamath, R., Schnoor, J. L. and Alvarez, P. J. J., Effect of root-derived substrates on the expression of nah–lux genes in Pseudomonas fluorescens HK44: implications for PAH biodegradation in the rhiziosphere. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2004, 38, 1740–1745.
  • Azaizeh, H., Castro, P. M. L. and Kidd, P., Biodegradation of organic xenobiotic pollutants in the rhizosphere. In Organic Xenobiotics and Plants: From Mode of Action to Ecophysiology, Springer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2011, pp. 191–2015.
  • Liste, H. H. and Alexander, M., Accumulation of phenanthrene and pyrene in rhizosphere soil. Chemosphere, 2000, 40, 11–14.
  • Kotoky, R., Rajkumari, J. and Pandey, P., The rhizosphere micro-biome: significance in rhizoremediation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon contaminated soil. J. Environ. Manage., 2018, 217, 858–870.
  • Dominguez, J. J. A., Bacosa, H. P., Chien, M. F. and Inoue, C., Enhanced degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the rhizosphere of sudangrass (Sorghum × drummondii). Chemosphere, 2019, 234, 789–795.
  • Zhao, X., Miao, R., Guo, M. and Zhou, Y., Effects of Fire phoenix (a genotype mixture of Fesctuca arundinecea L.) and Mycobacterium sp. on the degradation of PAHs and bacterial community in soil. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 2021, 28, 25692–25700.
  • Kong, F. X., Sun, G. D. and Liu, Z. P., Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil mesocosms by microbial/plant bio-augmentation: performance and mechanism. Chemosphere, 2018, 198, 83–91.
  • Bisht, S. et al., Utilization of endophytic strain bacillus sp. SBER3 for biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in soil model system. Eur. J. Soil Biol., 2014, 60, 67–76.
  • Bisht, S. et al., Biodegradation of naphthalene and anthracene by chemo-tactically active rhizobacteria of Populus deltoides. Br. J. Microbiol., 2010, 41, 922–930.
  • Muratova, A., Dubrovskaya, E., Golubev, S., Grinev, V., Chernyshova, M. and Turkovskaya, O., The coupling of the plant and microbial catabolisms of phenanthrene in the rhizosphere of Medicago sativa. J. Plant Physiol., 2015, 188, 1–10.
  • Wołejko, E., Jabłońska-Trypuć, A., Wydro, U., Butarewicz, A. and Łozowicka, B., Soil biological activity as an indicator of soil pollution with pesticides – a review. Appl. Soil Ecol., 2020, 147, 103356.
  • Yu, X. Z., Wu, S. C., Wu, F. Y. and Wong, M. H., Enhanced dissipation of PAHs from soil using mycorrhizal ryegrass and PAH-degrading bacteria. J. Hazard. Mater., 2011, 186, 1206–1217.
  • Li, W. et al., Combination of plant-growth-promoting and fluoranthene-degrading microbes enhances phytoremediation efficiency in the ryegrass rhizosphere. Environ. Sci. Pol. Res., 2021, 28, 6068–6077.
  • Zhang, J., Lin, X., Liu, W., Wang, Y., Zeng, J. and Chen, H., Effect of organic wastes on the plant-microbe remediation for removal of aged PAHs in soils. J. Environ. Sci., 2012, 24, 1476–1482.
  • Dhote, M., Kumar, A., Jajoo, A. and Juwarkar, A., Assessment of hydrocarbon degradation potentials in a plant–microbe interaction system with oil sludge contamination: a sustainable solution. Int. J. Phytoremed., 2017, 19, 1085–1092.

Abstract Views: 237

PDF Views: 85




  • Rhizosphere–Plant–Microbial System under Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons-Induced Stress

Abstract Views: 237  |  PDF Views: 85

Authors

Kavita Verma
Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110 021, India
Pooja Gokhale Sinha
Department of Botany, Sri Venkateswara College, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110 021, India
Garima Sharma
Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110 021, India
Surbhi Agarwal
Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110 021, India
Anita Verma
Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110 021, India
Vartika Mathur
Department of Zoology, Sri Venkateswara College, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi 110 021, India

Abstract


The rhizosphere–plant–microbial association is a complex and intricate system susceptible to various organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Since the soil acts as a sink of PAH, their accumulation shifts the delicate rhizosphere–plant–microbe equilibrium and enters the food chain through plants. How the presence of PAH in the rhizosphere affects the rhizosphere–plant–microbial system is still unclear. This study aims to understand the effects of PAH on rhizosphere–plant–microbial interactions. It also explores the potential use of microbes to alleviate PAH-induced stress in the soil for effective and sustainable management.

Keywords


Bioaccumulation, Microbe-Mediated Remediation, Persistent Organic Pollutants, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv125%2Fi8%2F837-845