Potential of Deep-sea Mineral Resources for the Blue Economy

The interest in deep-sea mineral resources has surged recently, driven by the increasing need for metals and the global push for sustainable, low-carbon energy sources under the ‘blue economy’ framework. The deep-sea minerals include polymetallic nodules, cobalt-rich Fe–Mn crusts, and polymetallic sulphides, which contain high amounts of copper, nickel, cobalt and other valuable metals. These mineral deposits are often associated with unique and fragile ecosystems, which necessitates the development of mining technologies with minimal environmental impact. Here, we review the key deep-sea minerals, their resource potential, exploration aspects and the need for sustainable extraction, with a particular focus on India’s exploration activities.