Open Access
Subscription Access
Platinum group elements in urban road dust
Introduction of catalytic converter in our automobiles played a vital role in the reduction of harmful emissions such as carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and oxides of nitrogen. The three-way catalytic converter which consists of platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd) and rhodium (Rh; Pt–Pd–Rh), while reducing harmful emissions also increases the concentration of platinum group elements (PGEs) into the environment. This situation is due to the deterioration of the surface abrasion of the catalytic converter, thus releasing the PGEs adsorbed in small particles into the environmental compartments of air, soil and water. In this study, the concentration of PGEs in the environment was investigated using road dust collected from the city of Newcastle upon Tyne as a case study. The results obtained using ICP-MS revealed an elevated concentration in PGEs in the road dust in comparison to the lithospheric average. From the study, the average concentration is as follows: platinum = 38.23 ng/g, palladium = 79.8 ng/g and rhodium = 17.56 ng/g. The average concentration of PGEs in the lithosphere is 5.0 × 10–6 ng/g for Pt, 1.5 × 10–5 ng/g for Pd and 1.0 × 10–7 ng/g for Rh.
Keywords
Catalytic converter, lithosphere, platinum group elements, road dust.
User
Font Size
Information
- Kalavrouziotis, I. K. and Koukoulakis, P. H., Environmental impact of platinum group elements (Pt, Pd and Rh) emitted by the automobile catalyst converters. Water Air Soil Pollut., 2009, 196,393–402.
- Wedepohl, K. H., The composition of the continental crust. Geochim.Cosmochim. Acta, 1995, 59, 1217–1232.
- Moldovan, M., Gomez, M. M. and Palacios, M., Determination of platinum, rhodium and palladium in car exhaust fumes. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1999, 14, 1163–1169.
- Palacios, M. A., Gomez, M. M., Maldovan, M., Morrisson, G., Rauch, S. and McLead, C., Platinum group elements: quantification in collected exhaust fumes and studies of catalyst surfaces.Sci. Total Environ., 2000, 257, 1–15.
- Morton, O., Puchelt, H., Hemandez, E. and Lounezeva, E., Traffic related platinum group elements (PGEs) in soils from Mexico City. J. Geochem. Explor., 2001, 72, 223–227.
- Lucena, P., Vadillo, J. M. and Laserna, J. J., Mapping of platinum group metals in automotive exhaust three way catalysts using laser induced breakdown spectrometry. Anal. Chem., 1999, 71, 4385–4391.
- Barefoot, R. R., Distribution and speciation of platinum group elements in the environmental matrices. Trends Anal. Chem.,1999, 18, 702–707.
- Zereini, F., Wiseman, C., Beyer, J. M., Artelt, S. and Urban, H., Platinum, lead and cerium concentrations of street particulate matter (Frankfurt AM Main, Germany). J. Soils Sediments, 2001, 3,188–195.
- Schafer, J. and Punchelt, H., Platinum-group metal (PGM) emitted from automobile catalytic converters and their distribution in roadside soils. Geochem. Explor., 1998, 64, 307–314.
- Tankari. D. B. A., Ducoulombier, C. C., Soligot, C., Feidt, C. and Rychen, G., Deposition of platinum group elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on rye grass exposed to vehicular traffic.Agron. Sustain. Dev., 2007, 27, 261–266.
- Niemela, M., Peramaki, P., Piispanen, J. and Poikolainen, J., Determination of platinum and rhodium in dust and plant samples using microwave-assisted sample digestion and ICP-MS. Anal.Chim. Acta, 2004, 521, 137–142.
- Sutherland, R. A., Pearson, D. G. and Ottley, C. J., Platinumgroup elements (Ir, Pd, Pt and Rh) in road-deposited sediments in two urban watersheds, Hawaii. Appl. Geochem., 2007, 22, 1485–1501.
- Gomez, B. et al., Levels and risk assessment for humans and ecosystems of platinum-group elements in the airborne particles and road dust of some European cities. Sci. Total Environ., 2002, 299,1–19.
- Motelica-Heino, M., Rauch, S., Morrison, G. M. and Donard, O. F., Determination of palladium, platinum and rhodium concentrations in urban road sediments by laser ablation ICP-MS. Anal.Chim. Acta, 2001, 436, 233–244.
- Ely, J. C., Neal, C. R., ONeill, J. A. and Jain, J. C., Quantifying the platinum group elements (PGEs) and gold in geological samples using cation exchange pretreatment and ultrasonic nebulisation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (USN-ICPMS).Chem. Geol., 1999, 157, 219–234.
- Pearson, D. G. and Woodland, S. J., Solvent extraction/anion exchange separation and determination of PGEs (Os, Ir, Pt, Pd, Ru) and Re–Os isotopes in geological samples by isotope dilution ICP-MS. Chem. Geol., 2000, 165, 87–107.
- Gomez, M. B., Gomez, M. M. and Palacios, M. A., Control of interferences in the determination of Pt, Pd and Rh in airborne particulate matter by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Anal. Chim. Acta, 2000, 404, 285–294.
- Rauch, S., Lu, M. and Morrison, G., Heterogeneity of platinum group metals in airborne particles. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2001, 35, 595–599.
- Whitely, J. D. and Murray, F., Anthropogenic platinum group elements (Pt, Rh, Pd) concentrations in road dust and road side soils from Perth, Western Australia. Sci. Total Environ., 2003, 317, 121–135.
- Tsogas, G. Z., Giokas, D. L., Vlessidis, A. G., Aloupi, M. and Angelidis, M. O., Survey of the distribution and time-dependent increase of platinum-group element accumulation along urban roads in Ioannina (NW Greece). Water, Air Soil Pollut., 2009,201, 265–281.
- Higney, E., Olive, V., MacKenzie, A. B. and Pulford, I. D., Isotope dilution ICPMS analysis of platinum in road dusts from west central Scotland. Appl. Geochem., 2002, 17, 1123–1129.
- Petrucci, F., Bocca, B., Alimonti, A. and Caroli, S., Determination of Pd, Pt and Rh in airborne particulate and road dust by high resolution ICP-MS: a preliminary investigation of the emission from automotive catalysts in the urban area of Rome. J. Anal. At.Spectros., 2000, 15, 525–528.
- Lesniewska, B. A., Godlewska-Zylkiewicz, B., Bocca, B., Caimi, S. and Hulanicki, A., Platinum, Palladium and rhodium content in road dust, tinnel dust and common grass in Bialystok area (Poland): a pilot study. Sci. Total Environ., 2004, 321, 93–104.
- Hodge, V. F. and Stallard, M. O., Platinum and palladium in roadside dust. Environ. Sci. Technol., 1986, 20, 1058–1060.
- Haibo, C., Anil, N. and Margaret, B., Classification of road traffic and roadside pollution concentrations for assessment of personal exposure. Environ. Model. Software, 2008, 23, 282–287.
- Gomez, B., Gomez, M., Sanchez, J. L., Fernandez, R. and Palacios, M. A., Platinum and rhodium distribution in airborne particulate matter and road dust. Sci. Total Environ., 2001, 261,131–144.
- Helmers, E., Schwarzer, M. and Schuster, M., Comparison of palladium and platinum in environmental matrices: palladium pollution by automobile emissions. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Resour., 1998, 5, 44–50.
- Zereini, F., Skerstupp, B., Alt, F., Helmers, E. and Urban, H., Geochemical behaviour of platinum group metals (PGE) in particulate emissions by automobile exhaust catalysts: experimental results and environmental investigations. Sci. Total Environ.,1997, 206, 137–146.
- Barbante, C., Veysseyre, A., Ferrari, C., Van de Velde, K., Morel, C. and Capodaglio, G., Greenland snow evidence of large scale atmospheric contamination for platinum, palladium and rhodium. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2001, 35, 835–839.
- Jin, X. and Zhu, H., Determination of platinum group elements and gold in geological samples with ICP-MS using a sodium peroxide fusion and tellurium co-precipitation. J. Anal. At. Spectrom.,2000, 15, 747–751.
- Godlewska-Zylkiewicz, B. and Zaleska, M., Preconcentration of palladium I a flow-through electrochemical cell for determination by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta, 2002, 462, 305–312.
- Beirohr, E., Lee, M. L., Tschopel, P. and Tolg, G., Determination of platinum in biotic and environmental samples by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after its electro deposition into graphite tube packed with reticulated vitreous carbon. J. Anal.Chem., 1993, 346, 689–692.
- Parent, M., Vanhoe, H., Moens, Dams, R. Determination of low amounts of platinum in environmental and biological materials using thermo spray nebulisation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Chem., 1996, 354, 664–667.
Abstract Views: 307
PDF Views: 160