- Vol 107, No 9 (2014)
- Pages: 1470-1486
- Published: 2014-11-10
- https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv107%2Fi9%2F1470-1486
Open Access
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Soil and Land Quality Indicators of the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India
S. K. Ray
1,
T. Bhattacharyya
1,
K. R. Reddy
2,
D. K. Pal
3,
P. Chandran
1,
P. Tiwary
1,
D. K. Mandal
1,
C. Mandal
1,
J. Prasad
1,
D. Sarkar
1,
M. V. Venugopalan
4,
K. Velmourougane
4,
G. S. Sidhu
5,
K. M. Nair
6,
A. K. Sahoo
7,
T. H. Das
7,
R. S. Singh
8,
R. Srivastava
1,
T. K. Sen
1,
S. Chatterji
1,
N. G. Patil
1,
G. P. Obireddy
1,
S. K. Mahapatra
5,
K. S. Anil Kumar
6,
K. Das
7,
S. K. Reza
9,
D. Dutta
9,
S. Srinivas
6,
K. Karthikeyan
1,
A. Srivastava
10,
M. Raychaudhuri
11,
D. K. Kundu
11,
V. T. Dongare
1,
D. Balbuddhe
1,
N. G. Bansod
1,
K. Wadhai
1,
M. Lokhande
1,
A. Kolhe
1,
H. Kuchankar
1,
S. L. Durge
1,
G. K. Kamble
1,
M. S. Gaikwad
1,
A. M. Nimkar
1,
S. V. Bobade
1,
S. G. Anantwar
1,
S. Patil
1,
V. T. Sahu
1,
S. Sheikh
1,
D. Dasgupta
1,
B. A. Telpande
1,
A. M. Nimje
1,
C. Likhar
1,
S. Thakre
1,
K. G. Mandal
10,
G. Kar
10,
K. M. Gaikwad
1,
H. Bhondwe
1,
S. S. Dohtre
1,
S. Gharami
1,
S. G. Khapekar
1,
A. Koyal
4,
Sujatha
4,
B. M. N. Reddy
4,
P. Sreekumar
4,
D. P. Dutta
7,
L. Gogoi
7,
V. N. Parhad
1,
A. S. Halder
5,
R. Basu
5,
R. Singh
6,
B. L. Jat
6,
D. L. Oad
6,
N. R. Ola
6,
A. Hukare
1,
J. Khuspure
1,
B. P. Sunitha
4,
B. Mohanty
3,
D. Hazarika
7,
S. Majumdar
5,
R. S. Garhwal
6,
A. Sahu
8,
S. Mahapatra
11,
S. Puspamitra
11,
A. Kumar
9,
N. Gautam
1
Affiliations
1 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
2 Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
3 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India
4 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
8 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
9 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
10 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India
11 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
1 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
2 Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
3 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India
4 Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
5 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
6 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
7 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
8 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
9 Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
10 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India
11 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
Sustaining soil and land quality under intensive land use and fast economic development is a major challenge for improving crop productivity in the developing world. Assessment of soil and land quality indicators is necessary to evaluate the degradation status and changing trends of different land use and management interventions. During the last four decades, the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) which covers an area of about 52.01 m ha has been the major food producing region of the country. However at present, the yield of crops in IGP has stagnated; one of the major reasons being deterioration of soil and land quality. The present article deals with the estimation of soil and land quality indicators of IGP, so that, proper soil and land management measures can be taken up to restore and improve the soil health. Use of principal component analysis is detailed to derive the minimum dataset or indicators for soil quality. The article also describes spatial distribution of soil and land quality with respect to major crops of IGP.
Keywords
Land Quality Index, Principal Component Analysis, Soil Quality and Health.
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- Soil and Land Quality Indicators of the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India
Abstract Views: 263 |
PDF Views: 104
Sustaining soil and land quality under intensive land use and fast economic development is a major challenge for improving crop productivity in the developing world. Assessment of soil and land quality indicators is necessary to evaluate the degradation status and changing trends of different land use and management interventions. During the last four decades, the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) which covers an area of about 52.01 m ha has been the major food producing region of the country. However at present, the yield of crops in IGP has stagnated; one of the major reasons being deterioration of soil and land quality. The present article deals with the estimation of soil and land quality indicators of IGP, so that, proper soil and land management measures can be taken up to restore and improve the soil health. Use of principal component analysis is detailed to derive the minimum dataset or indicators for soil quality. The article also describes spatial distribution of soil and land quality with respect to major crops of IGP.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv107%2Fi9%2F1470-1486
Authors
S. K. Ray
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
T. Bhattacharyya
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
K. R. Reddy
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
D. K. Pal
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India
P. Chandran
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
P. Tiwary
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
D. K. Mandal
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
C. Mandal
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
J. Prasad
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
D. Sarkar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
M. V. Venugopalan
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
K. Velmourougane
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
G. S. Sidhu
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
K. M. Nair
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
A. K. Sahoo
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
T. H. Das
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
R. S. Singh
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
R. Srivastava
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
T. K. Sen
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. Chatterji
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
N. G. Patil
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
G. P. Obireddy
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. K. Mahapatra
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
K. S. Anil Kumar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
K. Das
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
S. K. Reza
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
D. Dutta
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
S. Srinivas
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
K. Karthikeyan
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
A. Srivastava
National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India
National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India
M. Raychaudhuri
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
D. K. Kundu
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
V. T. Dongare
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
D. Balbuddhe
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
N. G. Bansod
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
K. Wadhai
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
M. Lokhande
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
A. Kolhe
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
H. Kuchankar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. L. Durge
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
G. K. Kamble
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
M. S. Gaikwad
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
A. M. Nimkar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. V. Bobade
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. G. Anantwar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. Patil
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
V. T. Sahu
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. Sheikh
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
D. Dasgupta
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
B. A. Telpande
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
A. M. Nimje
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
C. Likhar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. Thakre
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
K. G. Mandal
National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India
National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India
G. Kar
National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India
National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau 275 101, India
K. M. Gaikwad
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
H. Bhondwe
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. S. Dohtre
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. Gharami
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
S. G. Khapekar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
A. Koyal
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
Sujatha
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
B. M. N. Reddy
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
P. Sreekumar
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
D. P. Dutta
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
L. Gogoi
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
V. N. Parhad
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
A. S. Halder
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
R. Basu
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
R. Singh
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
B. L. Jat
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
D. L. Oad
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
N. R. Ola
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
A. Hukare
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
J. Khuspure
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
B. P. Sunitha
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur 440 010, India
B. Mohanty
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India
International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Patancheru 502 324, India
D. Hazarika
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Kolkata 700 091, India
S. Majumdar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, New Delhi 110 012, India
R. S. Garhwal
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Bangalore 560 024, India
A. Sahu
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Udaipur 313 001, India
S. Mahapatra
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
S. Puspamitra
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar 751 023, India
A. Kumar
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Jorhat 785 004, India
N. Gautam
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Regional Centre, National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur 440 033, India
Abstract
Sustaining soil and land quality under intensive land use and fast economic development is a major challenge for improving crop productivity in the developing world. Assessment of soil and land quality indicators is necessary to evaluate the degradation status and changing trends of different land use and management interventions. During the last four decades, the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) which covers an area of about 52.01 m ha has been the major food producing region of the country. However at present, the yield of crops in IGP has stagnated; one of the major reasons being deterioration of soil and land quality. The present article deals with the estimation of soil and land quality indicators of IGP, so that, proper soil and land management measures can be taken up to restore and improve the soil health. Use of principal component analysis is detailed to derive the minimum dataset or indicators for soil quality. The article also describes spatial distribution of soil and land quality with respect to major crops of IGP.
Keywords
Land Quality Index, Principal Component Analysis, Soil Quality and Health.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18520/cs%2Fv107%2Fi9%2F1470-1486