International Journal of Computer Networks and Applications

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

A Novel Dynamic Message Time Synchronization Protocol for Real Time Data Exchange in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks


Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India
2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dr. K. V. Subba Reddy Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur), Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
 

Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) have become a vital technology to improve road safety and traffic control. In the context of VANETs, precise time synchronization among vehicles is paramount to enable effective real-time data exchange. This research introduces a novel Dynamic Message Time Synchronization (DMTS) protocol designed to optimize timing message coordination in large-scale VANETs. DMTS employs an intelligent selection mechanism to identify the most suitable time synchronization nodes, significantly reducing the number of transmitted timing messages. To ensure robust synchronization, the protocol periodically readjusts the clock offset of interconnected vehicles, enhancing synchronization accuracy. Leveraging a bidirectional timing message synchronization approach, the Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation for clock offset design is derived, assuming a Gaussian noise model. Through comprehensive simulation analyses, the effectiveness of the DMTS protocol is validated, considering key performance metrics such as delay, packet delivery ratio, and throughput. The proposed DMTS protocol achieves 19.58% and 28.12% less delay in comparison with ABTS and STETS protocols. In terms of packet delivery ratio, it achieves 12.55% and 33.70% improvement when compared with ABTS and STETS protocols. Finally, there is an increase in throughput performance of proposed DMTS by 26.71% and 48.10% with its counterpart protocols. These results demonstrate the superiority of DMTS over existing protocols, making it a promising solution for real-time data exchange in VANETs, with implications for improved road safety and traffic efficiency.

Keywords

DMTS Protocol, Time Synchronization, Clock Drift, Clock Offset, Clock Skew, Maximum Likelihood
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • H. Zhang, X. Zhang and D. K. Sung, "An Efficient Cooperative Transmission Based Opportunistic Broadcast Scheme in VANETs," in IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1327-1342, 1 March 2023, doi: 10.1109/TMC.2021.3105982.

  • P. Shukla, R. Patel and S. Varma, "A Reliable Method for Establishing a Common Time synchronization in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks in VANET.," 2023 IEEE 3rd International Conference on Technology, Engineering, Management for Societal impact using Marketing, Entrepreneurship and Talent (TEMSMET), Mysuru, India, 2023, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/TEMSMET56707.2023.10149994.

  • H. A. Ahmed and D. Cheelu, "A Study of Routing Mechanisms in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks for Reliability," 2023 5th International Conference on Smart Systems and Inventive Technology (ICSSIT), Tirunelveli, India, 2023, pp. 604-612, doi: 10.1109/ICSSIT55814.2023.10060876.

  • S. Johari and M. B. Krishna, "Time-Slot Reservation and Channel Switching Using Markovian Model for Multichannel TDMA MAC in VANETs," in IEEE Access, vol. 10, pp. 81250-81268, 2022, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3196031.

  • J. Wu, L. Zhang and Y. Liu, "On the Design and Implementation of a Real-Time Testbed for Distributed TDMA-Based MAC Protocols in VANETs," in IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 122092-122106, 2021, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3108346.

  • J. Liang and K. Wu, "An Extremely Accurate Time Synchronization Mechanism in Fog-Based Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network," in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 253-268, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2958867.

  • S. Haider, G. Abbas and Z. H. Abbas, "VLCS: A Novel Clock Synchronization Technique for TDMA-based MAC Protocols in VANETs," 2019 4th International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering, Sciences and Technology (ICEEST), Karachi, Pakistan, 2019, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICEEST48626.2019.8981693.

  • J. A. Ansere, G. Han and H. Wang, "A Novel Reliable Adaptive Beacon Time Synchronization Algorithm for Large-Scale Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 12, pp. 11565-11576, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2019.2946225.

  • J. Wu, H. Lu and Y. Xiang, "A Hard Real-Time Testbed for Distributed TDMA-Based MAC Protocols in VANETs," ICC 2019 - 2019 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Shanghai, China, 2019, pp. 1-7, doi: 10.1109/ICC.2019.8761412.

  • A. M. Salih Abdelgader, F. Shu, L. Wu, J. Wang and J. Wang, "A Robust Symbol Timing Synchronization Scheme for OFDM Systems Applied in a Vehicular Network," in IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1443-1453, June 2019, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2018.2875517.

  • G. Han, X. Miao, H. Wang, M. Guizani and W. Zhang, "CPSLP: A Cloud-Based Scheme for Protecting Source Location Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Multi-Sinks," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 2739-2750, March 2019, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2019.2891127.

  • J. Adu Ansere, G. Han, H. Wang, C. Choi and C. Wu, "A Reliable Energy Efficient Dynamic Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio IoT Networks," in IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 6748-6759, Aug. 2019, doi: 10.1109/JIOT.2019.2911109.

  • I. V. Martin-Faus, L. Urquiza-Aguiar, M. Aguilar Igartua and I. Guérin-Lassous, "Transient Analysis of Idle Time in VANETs Using Markov-Reward Models," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 67, no. 4, pp. 2833-2847, April 2018, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2017.2766449.

  • W. Lai, W. Ni, H. Wang and R. P. Liu, "Analysis of Average Packet Loss Rate in Multi-Hop Broadcast for VANETs," in IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 157-160, Jan. 2018, doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2017.2762686.

  • J. Guo, Y. Zhang, X. Chen, S. Yousefi, C. Guo and Y. Wang, "Spatial Stochastic Vehicle Traffic Modeling for VANETs," in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 416-425, Feb. 2018, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2017.2688860.

  • G. Han, H. Wang, J. Jiang, W. Zhang and S. Chan, "CASLP: A Confused Arc-Based Source Location Privacy Protection Scheme in WSNs for IoT," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 56, no. 9, pp. 42-47, Sept. 2018, doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2018.1701062.

  • G. Han, H. Wang, M. Guizani, S. Chan and W. Zhang, "KCLP: A k-Means Cluster-Based Location Privacy Protection Scheme in WSNs for IoT," in IEEE Wireless Communications, vol. 25, no. 6, pp. 84-90, December 2018, doi: 10.1109/MWC.2017.1800061.

  • G. Han, X. Yang, L. Liu, S. Chan and W. Zhang, "A Coverage-Aware Hierarchical Charging Algorithm in Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks," in IEEE Network, vol. 33, no. 4, pp. 201-207, July/August 2019, doi: 10.1109/MNET.2018.1800197.

  • G. Han, H. Guan, J. Wu, S. Chan, L. Shu and W. Zhang, "An Uneven Cluster-Based Mobile Charging Algorithm for Wireless Rechargeable Sensor Networks," in IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 3747-3758, Dec. 2019, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2018.2879084.

  • H. Wang, H. Zeng, M. Li, B. Wang and P. Wang, "Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Clock Skew in Wireless Sensor Networks With Periodical Clock Correction Under Exponential Delays," in IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 65, no. 10, pp. 2714-2724, 15 May15, 2017, doi: 10.1109/TSP.2017.2675863.

  • F. Bellili, A. Methenni, S. B. Amor, S. Affes and A. Stèphenne, "Time Synchronization of Turbo-Coded Square-QAM-Modulated Transmissions: Code-Aided ML Estimator and Closed-Form Cramér–Rao Lower Bounds," in IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 66, no. 12, pp. 10776-10792, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1109/TVT.2017.2721446.

  • V. Nguyen, T. Z. Oo, P. Chuan and C. S. Hong, "An Efficient Time Slot Acquisition on the Hybrid TDMA/CSMA Multichannel MAC in VANETs," in IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 970-973, May 2016, doi: 10.1109/LCOMM.2016.2536672.

  • Y. Y. Nasrallah, I. AI-Anbagi and H. T. Mouftah, Distributed Time Synchronization Mechanism for Large-scale Vehicular Networks, in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Selected Topics in Mobile and Wireless Networking (MoWNeT), pp. 1-6, 2016. DOI:10.1109/MoWNet.2016.7496600.

  • C. Li, A. Zhen, J. Sun, M. Zhang and X. Hu, "Analysis of connectivity probability in VANETs considering minimum safety distance," 2016 8th International Conference on Wireless Communications & Signal Processing (WCSP), Yangzhou, China, 2016, pp. 1-5, doi: 10.1109/WCSP.2016.7752513.

  • R. Zhang, X. Cheng, L. Yang, X. Shen and B. Jiao, "A Novel Centralized TDMA-Based Scheduling Protocol for Vehicular Networks," in IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 411-416, Feb. 2015, doi: 10.1109/TITS.2014.2335746.

  • B. Hassanabadi and S. Valaee, "Reliable Periodic Safety Message Broadcasting in VANETs Using Network Coding," in IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1284-1297, March 2014, doi: 10.1109/TWC.2014.010214.122008.

  • N. P. Chandrasekharamenon and B. Ancharev, Connectivity Analysis of One-Dimensional Vehicular Ad hoc Networks in Fading Channels, EURASIP Wireless Communication Networking, vol. 2012, no. 1, pp. 1, 2012.

  • Shizhun Wang, A. Pervez and M. Nekovee, "Converging time synchronization algorithm for highly dynamic vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs)," 2010 7th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks & Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP 2010), Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK, 2010, pp. 443-448, doi: 10.1109/CSNDSP16145.2010.5580393.

  • R. Ben-El-Kezadri and G. Pau, "TimeRemap: stable and accurate time in vehicular networks," in IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 52-57, December 2010, doi: 10.1109/MCOM.2010.5673072. [30] J. Zheng and Y. -C. Wu, "Joint Time Synchronization and Localization of an Unknown Node in Wireless Sensor Networks," in IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 1309-1320, March 2010, doi: 10.1109/TSP.2009.2032990.

  • W. -L. Jin and W. W. Recker, "An analytical model of multihop connectivity of inter-vehicle communication systems," in IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 106-112, January 2010, doi: 10.1109/TWC.2010.01.05545.

  • K. -Y. Cheng, K. -S. Lui, Y. -C. Wu and V. Tam, "A distributed multihop time synchronization protocol for wireless sensor networks using Pairwise Broadcast Synchronization," in IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1764-1772, April 2009, doi: 10.1109/TWC.2009.080112.


Abstract Views: 113

PDF Views: 1




  • A Novel Dynamic Message Time Synchronization Protocol for Real Time Data Exchange in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

Abstract Views: 113  |  PDF Views: 1

Authors

H. Ateeq Ahmed
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur, Ananthapuramu, Andhra Pradesh, India
Dhanaraj Cheelu
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Dr. K. V. Subba Reddy Institute of Technology (Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur), Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India

Abstract


Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) have become a vital technology to improve road safety and traffic control. In the context of VANETs, precise time synchronization among vehicles is paramount to enable effective real-time data exchange. This research introduces a novel Dynamic Message Time Synchronization (DMTS) protocol designed to optimize timing message coordination in large-scale VANETs. DMTS employs an intelligent selection mechanism to identify the most suitable time synchronization nodes, significantly reducing the number of transmitted timing messages. To ensure robust synchronization, the protocol periodically readjusts the clock offset of interconnected vehicles, enhancing synchronization accuracy. Leveraging a bidirectional timing message synchronization approach, the Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation for clock offset design is derived, assuming a Gaussian noise model. Through comprehensive simulation analyses, the effectiveness of the DMTS protocol is validated, considering key performance metrics such as delay, packet delivery ratio, and throughput. The proposed DMTS protocol achieves 19.58% and 28.12% less delay in comparison with ABTS and STETS protocols. In terms of packet delivery ratio, it achieves 12.55% and 33.70% improvement when compared with ABTS and STETS protocols. Finally, there is an increase in throughput performance of proposed DMTS by 26.71% and 48.10% with its counterpart protocols. These results demonstrate the superiority of DMTS over existing protocols, making it a promising solution for real-time data exchange in VANETs, with implications for improved road safety and traffic efficiency.

Keywords


DMTS Protocol, Time Synchronization, Clock Drift, Clock Offset, Clock Skew, Maximum Likelihood

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.22247/ijcna%2F2024%2F224447