International Journal of Innovative Research and Development

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This paper has been written in the background of proposed sustainable development conference to be held in September 2015 at UN headquarters with cooperation of the international community. It is new proposed set of comprehensive and universal sustainable development goals (SDGs).These seventeen goals are ambitious and an extension of eighth millennium development goals. Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all is fourth proposed goal of SDGs. Public private partnership is worthwhile and direly needed to realize the transformative vision of the proposed sustainable development goals (SDGs) as concluded in the study.

Promoting Private Schools in Rural areas of the country is being implemented by national as well as provincial Education Foundations with collaboration of the World Bank. This is one of such initiative under Education Reform Program that aims to address both the challenges of school participation and student learning in poor, rural and unserved communities of the region. This study gives an understanding of public and private sector institutional arrangements for educational development in the region. This study also presents insights from the personal observation of the authors; a field survey conducted during empirical work and other reliable primary data set. The study explores the ideas that public sector institutions are mostly mismanaged and have lowest capacity to deliver according to the need of the hour particularly for rural unserved households. In order to impart quality education to underprivileged public private partnership can be enhanced up to colleges and university level for the educational/ socio economic development of the country. This initiative will also strengthen Government’s efforts to impart compulsory and free education to each and every child of the province under article 25-A of Islamic republic of Pakistan.

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The paper has been developed in background of proposed sustainable development conference held in mid of July 2015 at Idris Ababa (Africa) with cooperation of the international community. The theme of conference was “Finance for Development” and   focused to mobilize available resources and to invest in agriculture, energy, communication, health environment and human resource development.

The best possible use of available resources particularly tax resources for investments and further development is need of the hour. There is different potential of economies but it is concluded by the experts that in developing countries like Pakistan tax revenue can be increased from 2 to 5 percent of GDP so that we must work together with international community to generate the resources needed for the transformative vision of the proposed sustainable development Goals.

Pakistan like other emerging economies are facing unsustainable fiscal deficits due to increasing non development expenditure every year, difficulties in payment  debt service charges due to leakages in revenue collection, and declining conditional external assistance of developed countries due to mismanagement in available resources. The main objectives of the study are to review the current strategies of resources mobilization through introducing best tax policies that should be fair, equitable and create minimal disincentives for economic efficiency, and initiate tax administrative reforms. This study fulfills the need of a separate study on land revenue system of Pakistan and is net addition in economics literature at national / international level. The study also suggests dynamic policy insights to increase in national pool of resources. The improvement in prevailing revenue system and increasing revenue receipts will be helpful in economic growth and development. 

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The year 2015, is a year in which countries will shape a new development agenda in United Nations Conference to be held at its headquarter in the next month September 2015, and nations will reach a global agreement of 17 points for the welfare of human beings. The first component of agenda of new post 2015 is to decrease poverty in its all forms everywhere; secondly to end hunger by achieving food security and improved nutrition and thirdly to ensure healthy lives and promote well being for all at all ages. As a strategy to overcome two problems poverty and food security the increase in agricultural production is the right answer and healthy life of the people is also indirectly associated with pure, cheep and timely food supply in market.

Pakistan at present is faced with a serious food crisis due to population explosion and under-developed state of agriculture like others developing economies. The overall population growth is more than two percent in urban and two to three percent in rural. The estimated population of Pakistan is 200 million and it will be doubled in 2050. The rapid increase in population needs increase in food supply which is only possible through increase in agricultural productivity at large. The study contributes significantly in the existing body of knowledge on this subject. The major issues have been summed up by examining it through in-depth analysis using both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study concludes that supply of important inputs seed, fertilizer and pesticides is inadequate in bowing seasons, which harms per acre yield and needs dire attention of policy makers for the welfares of the growers to increase their income and to reduce the rate of ultra poverty and also for the food security of the rapid increasing population and spreading malnutrition related dieses in urban centers of the country. 

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The Agro ecosystems of Sindh, the second largest province of Pakistan are contained within larger landscapes that include uncultivated land, drainage networks, rural and coastal communities, wildlife, fisheries and forest sector. In Pakistan and particularly its lower Indus valley called Sindh province at present is facing a serious environmental degradation problem due to population explosion, mismanagement in wetlands, construction of dams in the upper areas and industrial waste of the country.

The major issues under this subject have been summed up after the in-depth analysis and examination of four types of forests: riverian forest, irrigated forest, mangroves forest and rangeland forest. Using quantitative and qualitative data from secondary sources, the study contributes significantly in the existing body of knowledge on this subject. It concludes that mismanagements in wetlands, scarcity of water resources, rapid population explosion, ill planed speedy urbanization and industrialization are the main causes of deforestation in Sindh. It also suggests a dynamic policy guideline, keeping in view the international environmental standards for overall improvements in these resources in the region. 

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Sindh southern province of Pakistan at present is faced with a serious food crisis due to population explosion and under-developed state of agriculture The Agro-Eco System of the province is defined as a dynamic association of crops, pastures, livestock, other flora and fauna, atmosphere, soil, and water. The Agro ecosystems are also contained within larger landscapes that include uncultivated land, drainage networks, rural communities, wildlife and markets.

The study contributes significantly in the existing body of knowledge on this subject. The major obstacles within the Agro Ecosystem have been summed up by examining it through in-depth analysis. The secondary data sources have been used. Using both quantitative and qualitative approaches, the study concludes that mismanagements in land distribution and water resources are on high level. Supply of inputs is also inadequate in bowing seasons and needs dire attention of policy makers not for the welfares of the growers, but also for food security of the rapid population. The study also suggests dynamic policy insights for Sindh agriculture sector to meet future economic trends/demands in the sector.

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The enrollment of girls and their retention in, basic education is widely accepted amongst policy makers and researchers in Dakar conference on Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in early 2000. But it is a fact in less developed countries like Sindh-Pakistan that backward communities still preferred a boy as better investment of the future in comparisons of their girls for education which creates a large gender gap in education sector, served an obstacle to met MDGs and to also harm the national as well as international development agenda. In the province of Sindh over all girls’ participation in school about to 35% and in rural Sindh girl’s enrollment is less than 25% to date.

The study contributes significantly in the existing body of knowledge on this subject and based on five years data of the program and also concludes that incentive programmes have a direct response on enrollment. It suggests widely  that more incentives can bring more improvement in girl’s enrollment,  i.e. distribution of uniforms, shoes, food snakes, free transport facilities, particularly for girls of  unserved communities living in  far-flung areas of the region to achieve universal target of  women literacy/gender development  as given  in MDGs.   

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Primary goals of any agricultural investment policy must be increasing productivity to protect food security and promote economic development of the region by export. The main goal of this study is to evaluate total investment and its co integration with agriculture output and agriculture export in Sindh-Pakistan. This study concludes that investment is helpful in the short run and long run. More investment of public and private sector  will boost  export of agric commodities in era of free trade will also do more to raise productivity and thereby promote agricultural and economic development in emerging economies like Sindh –Pakistan  in the long-run.

The close inspection of graphs shows the existence of strong time trend in the data and coefficients of the sample autocorrelation die down at high lags and indicate that these series are not stationary in levels and confirms the presence of time trend in the series. The ADF test (1979) is also concluded that all variables are I (1) in their levels and I (0) in the first difference at 5 percent level of significance. The result of granger causality test (1969) revealed that none of the above combinations has bivariate causality. The result shows the cointegration relation exists in lagout, lagexp, linv, lpinv for Pakistan though it is unidirectional causality not bivariate. However for Sindh the cointegration relation exists in lsagout, lsinv and lspinv. The multivariate cointegration test of Johansen’s (1988) concludes that both trace and eigen vale test indicates one cointegration relationship between lagout, lagexp, lginv and lpinv.  However for Sindh only trace test indicates one cointegration relationship between lsagout, lsagexp, lsginv and lpinv.

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The ultimate goal of this study is achieved successfully through a detailed analysis of important variables of agricultural marketing. The major obstacles have been summed up by examining different marketing channels in Sindh /Pakistan. Study concludes that the poor infrastructure and marketing facilities, mismanagement in development schemes, low farmer literacy, poor healthcare facilities at villages hamper grower’s performance, keeping them out of market and reducing the opportunities of capital accumulation.

The policy recommendations / remedies are also provided in details for structural change to achieve the goal of development of out put markets in Sindh / Pakistan with particular references to changing global trends in agriculture marketing. The study recommends facilitating the forward and backward linkages between traditional and modern sectors in the province with storage facilities; agro based industries at farm level and improved export system by maintaining grades and standards for world community with skilled training of farmers.

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