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Bhanushali, Charmi
- Monkeypox : Transmission, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
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Authors
Affiliations
1 General Medicine, TNMC & Nair Hospital, Mumbai, IN
2 Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, IN
1 General Medicine, TNMC & Nair Hospital, Mumbai, IN
2 Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, IN
Source
The Indian Practitioner, Vol 75, No 8 (2022), Pagination: 27-30Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease that is caused by the Monkeypox virus (MPX). MPX is similar to the virus that causes smallpox. It was endemic to central and west regions of Africa but has recently been reported in different parts of the globe. The primary reservoirs of MPX are wild animals particularly primates (Mangabey monkeys), Gambian pouched rats, and squirrels. Most cases of Monkeypox are due to the transmission of the virus from animals to humans. In addition, there have also been instances of human-to-human spread through respiratory droplets, fomites, and sexual contact. Monkeypox has a varied presentation ranging from mild symptoms to severe disabling complications. Real time PCR is used to diagnose orthopoxvirus. Retrospective diagnosis is done using serological tests. Symptomatic management and prevention of secondary infection are the mainstay aim of treatment. Antiviral drugs like cidofovir, brincidofovir, and tecovirimat seem to work against MPX even though there is no specific treatment against the virus. Health education of masses, prophylactic vaccination, quarantining the exposed, appropriate personal protective equipment for health care workers, etc. is some of the preventive measures to curb the disease. The newer-generation smallpox vaccine, JYNNEOS and the older-generation ACAM20, can also be used for prevention of Monkeypox.Keywords
Monkeypox Virus, Smallpox, Orthopoxvirus, Skin Lesions, Antiviral Medications, Ring Vaccination.
References
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- Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency : An Overview
Abstract Views :106 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 General Medicine, TNMC & Nair Hospital, Mumbai, IN
1 General Medicine, TNMC & Nair Hospital, Mumbai, IN
Source
The Indian Practitioner, Vol 75, No 8 (2022), Pagination: 31-33Abstract
Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (EPI) is identified by the insufficiency of exocrine pancreatic enzymes resulting in malabsorption. Patients with mild EPI maybe asymptomatic or have mild abdominal discomfort and bloating while advanced EPI results in steatorrhea and weight loss. The causes can be divided into pancreatic and extra-pancreatic origin. Pancreatic causes include chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic tumors, and pancreatic resection. Extra-pancreatic causes include diabetes, IBD, celiac disease, etc.There are various direct and indirect tests available to diagnose EPI, with indirect ones such as the concentration of fecal elastase beingmost commonly used. However, the gold standard test for diagnosis is a72-hour fecal fat test.Treatment for pancreatic exocrine insufficiency includes lifestyle modifications, dietary consultation, and a structured assessment of nutritional status. The mainstay remains pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, which is administered in the form of enteric-coated minimicrospheres during meals.Keywords
Chronic Pancreatitis, Malabsorption, Fecal Elastase, Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy.References
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