Indian Science Cruiser

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

COVID-19 Vaccines: Current Status and Future Prospects


Affiliations
1 PhD, MIPHA, FRSPH (London), Health Policy Consultant – UNESCO, New Delhi, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been developed in record time – the fastest in medical history! Many types of vaccines, using both traditional platforms, as well as newer ones using novel technologies, have been developed. Many of these vaccines have already been deployed in global COVID-19 vaccination campaigns. Many more are still undergoing preclinical and clinical development, which will help to strengthen and replenish the vaccine pipeline. All the vaccines that are currently being used for mass vaccination are extremely safe and highly efficacious. These are capable of generating robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. However, with the emergence of variants, the efficacy of some of these vaccines have started to wane. The present review explores the current status of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as the future prospects for these life-saving tools, given that variants are now a stark reality.

Keywords

No Keywords.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • COVID-19 Cases and Deaths, Worldometer, Available at: https://www.worldometers.info/ coronavirus/, accessed on 19.10.2021.

  • F Wu, S Zhao, B Yu, YM Chen, W Wang and ZG Song et al., A New Coronavirus Associated with Human Respiratory Disease in China, Nature, Vol 579, page 265-269, 2020.

  • Y Chen, Q Liu and D Guo, Emerging Coronaviruses: Genome Structure, Replication, and Pathogenesis, Journal of Medical Virology, Vol 92 No 4, page 418423, 2020.

  • M Hoffmann, H Kleine-Weber, S Schroeder, N Krüger, T Herrler, S Erichsen et al., SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor, Cell, Vol 181 No 2, page 271-80.e8, 2020.

  • S Mukherjee, D Tworowski, R Detroja, SB Mukherjee and M Frenkel-Morgenstern, Immunoinformatics and Structural Analysis for Identification of Immunodominant Epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 as Potential Vaccine Targets, Vaccines (Basel), Vol 8 No 2, page 290, 2020.

  • COVID-19: Landscape of Novel Coronavirus Candidate Vaccine Development Worldwide, World Health Organization, Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/draft-landscape-of-covid19-candidate-vaccines, accessed on 27.09.2021.

  • Status of COVID-19 Vaccines within WHO EUL/PQ Evaluation Process. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at: https://extranet.who.int/pqweb/sites/default/files/documents/Status_COVID_VAX_29Sept2021_0.pdf; accessed on 03.10.2021.

  • PT Heath, EP Galiza, DN Baxter, M Boffito, D Browne, F Burns et al., Safety and Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 COVID-19 Vaccine, New England Journal of Medicine, published on 30.06.2021, Available at: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2107659, accessed on 29.08.2021.

  • EE Walsh, RW Frenck Jr, AR Falsey, N Kitchin, J Absalon, A Gurtman et al., Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 383, page 2439-2450, 2020.

  • Pfizer and BioNTech Confirm High Efficacy and No Serious Safety Concerns through up to Six Months Following Second Dose in Updated Topline Analysis of Landmark COVID-19 Vaccine Study, Pfizer, Available at: https://www.pfizer.com/news/pressrelease/press-release-detail/pfizer-and-biontechconfirmhigh-efficacy-and-no-serious, accessed on 29.08.2021.

  • LR Baden, HM El Sahly, B Essink, K Kotloff, S Frey, R Novak et al., Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine, New England Journal of Medicine, Vol 384, page 403-416, 2021.

  • MM Silveira, GMSG Moreira, and M Mendonça, DNA Vaccines Against COVID-19: Perspectives and Challenges, Life Sciences, Vol 267, page 118919, 2021.

  • D Jimenez. Everything You Need to Know About the World’s First DNA COVID-19 Vaccine, Pharmaceutical Technology, Available at: https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/features/worlds-first-dna-covid-19-vaccine/, accessed on 22.08.2021.

  • TRF Smith, A Patel, S Ramos, D Elwood, X Zhu, J Yan et al., Immunogenicity of a DNA Vaccine Candidate for COVID-19, Nature Communications, Vol 11, page 2601, 2020.

  • L Grigoryan and B Pulendran, The Immunology of SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Vaccines, Seminars in Immunology, Vol 50, page 101422, 2020.

  • M Voysey, SAC Clemens, SA Madhi, LY Weckx, PM Folegatti, PK Aley et al., Safety and Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine (AZD1222) Against SARS-CoV-2: An Interim Analysis of Four Randomized Controlled Trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK, Lancet, Vol 397 No 10269, page 99-111, 2021.

  • DY Logunov, IV Dolzhikova, DV Shcheblyakov, AI Tukhvatulin, OV Zubkova, AS Dzharullaeva et al., Safety and Efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 Vector-Based Heterologous Prime-Boost COVID-19 Vaccine: An Interim Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Phase 3 Trial in Russia, Lancet, Vol 397 No 10275, page 671-681, 2021.

  • COVID-19 Vaccine Ad26.COV2.S. Sponsor Briefing Document. Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, 26th February 2021, Janssen Biotech, Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/146219/download, accessed on 31.08.2021.

  • Y Zhang, G Zeng, H Pan, C Li, Y Hu, K Chu et al., Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Healthy Adults Aged 18–59 Years: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1/2 Clinical Trial, Lancet Infectious Diseases, Vol 21 No 2, page 181-192, 2021.

  • Sinovac: Brazil Results Show Chinese Vaccine 50.4% Effective, BBC News, Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-55642648, accessed on 01.09.2021.

  • Turkish Study Revises Down Sinovac COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy to 83.5%, Reuters, Available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-healthcoronavirusturkey-sinovac/turkish-study-revisesdown-sinovac-covid-19-vaccine-efficacy-to-83-5idUSKBN2AV13A, accessed on 01.09.2021.

  • S Xia, Y Zhang, Y Wang, H Wang, Y Yang, GF Gao et al. Safety and Immunogenicity of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 1/2 Trial, Lancet Infectious Diseases, Vol 21 No 1, page 39-51, 2021.

  • UAE Says Sinopharm Vaccine has 86% Efficacy Against COVID-19, Reuters, Available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcarepharmaceuticals/uae-says-sinopharm-vaccine-has-86-efficacy-against-covid-19-2020-12-11/, accessed on 01.09.2021.

  • COVI-VAC for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), Codagenix, Available at: https://codagenix.com/ vaccine-programs/covid-19/, accessed on 02.09.2021.

  • Safety and Immunogenicity of COVI-VAC, a Live Attenuated Vaccine Against COVID-19, ClinicalTrials.gov, US National Library of Medicine, NIH, USA, Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04619628, accessed on 02.09.2021.

  • A Phase 1/2 Safety and Immunogenicity Trial of COVID-19 Vaccine COVI-VAC. ClinicalTrials.gov, US National Library of Medicine, NIH, USA, Available at: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04830800, accessed on 02.09.2021.

  • S Nooraei, H Bahrulolum, ZS Hoseini, C Katalani, A Hajizade, AJ Easton et al., Virus‑Like Particles: Preparation, Immunogenicity and their Roles as Nanovaccines and Drug Nanocarriers, Journal of Nanobiotechnology, Vol 19, page 59, 2021.

  • S Wu, J Huang, Z Zhang, J Wu, J Zhang, H Hu et al., Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of an Aerosolized Adenovirus Type-5 VectorBased COVID-19 Vaccine (Ad5-nCoV) in Adults: Preliminary Report of an Open-Label and

  • Randomized Phase 1 Clinical Trial, Lancet Infectious Diseases, published online on 26.07.2021, Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00396-0, accessed on 02.09.2021.

  • SE Butler, AR Crowley, H Natarajan, S Xu, JA Weiner, CA Bobak et al., Distinct Features and Functions of Systemic and Mucosal Humoral Immunity Among SARS-CoV-2 Convalescent Individuals, Frontiers in Immunology, Vol 11, page 618685, 2021.

  • COVID-19 Vaccination in India, Available at: https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_vaccination_in_ India, accessed on 11.10.2021.

  • R Ella, S Reddy, H Jogdand, V Sarangi, B Ganneru, S Prasad et al., Safety and Immunogenicity of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine, BBV152: Interim Results from a Double-Blind, Randomised, Multicentre, Phase 2 Trial, and 3-Month FollowUp of a Double-Blind, Randomised Phase 1 Trial. Lancet Infectious Diseases, Vol 21 No 7, page 950961, 2021.

  • Bharat Biotech and ICMR Announce Interim Results from Phase 3 Trials of Covaxin®; Demonstrates Overall Interim Clinical Efficacy of 78% and 100% Efficacy Against Severe COVID-19 Disease, Bharat Biotech (2021), Available at: https://www.bharatbiotech.com/images/press/covaxinphase3clinical-trials-interim-results.pdf, accessed on 20.10.2021.

  • R Ella, KM Vadrevu, H Jogdand, S Prasad, S Reddy, V Sarangi V et al., Safety and Immunogenicity of an Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine, BBV152: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Phase 1 Trial. Lancet Infectious Diseases, Vol 21 No 5, page 637-646, 2021.


Abstract Views: 375

PDF Views: 0




  • COVID-19 Vaccines: Current Status and Future Prospects

Abstract Views: 375  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Kaushik Bharati
PhD, MIPHA, FRSPH (London), Health Policy Consultant – UNESCO, New Delhi, India

Abstract


Vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been developed in record time – the fastest in medical history! Many types of vaccines, using both traditional platforms, as well as newer ones using novel technologies, have been developed. Many of these vaccines have already been deployed in global COVID-19 vaccination campaigns. Many more are still undergoing preclinical and clinical development, which will help to strengthen and replenish the vaccine pipeline. All the vaccines that are currently being used for mass vaccination are extremely safe and highly efficacious. These are capable of generating robust humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. However, with the emergence of variants, the efficacy of some of these vaccines have started to wane. The present review explores the current status of COVID-19 vaccines, as well as the future prospects for these life-saving tools, given that variants are now a stark reality.

Keywords


No Keywords.

References





DOI: https://doi.org/10.24906/isc%2F2021%2Fv35%2Fi5%2F210553