International Journal of Nursing Education and Research

Raina Roopal Menezes ¹, Sandhya D’almeida ¹

Affiliations
1 Laxmi Memmorial College of Nursing, (RGUHS), Mangalore, IN

Abstract

The most important period for a woman is her growth into parenthood. Becoming a mother is an important stage in every woman's life. Childbirth is a natural, normal and a life changing event. It usually begins spontaneously about 280 days after conception Tokophobia or fear of childbirth has become a modern day epidemic amongst pregnant women .It affects at least one in every ten women. A variable number of 20% to 78% of pregnant women report fear associated with pregnancy and childbirth. However 13% of non-gravida women report fear of childbirth to postpone or avoid pregnancy. Though pregnancy is a wonderful and joyful event in most women's life, many women have emotional disturbances because of the physical change in them and the process of childbirth .Fear is a distressing emotion induced by a perceived threat and is one thing that has been a common threat throughout the first pregnancy period. Tokophobia can be caused by various different factors including fear of pain, past experience of a difficult childbirth, depression and even sexual trauma. Nurses play an important role to identify the level of fear and find out the associated factors to help mothers to overcome fear.

Aim:

The aim of the study is to assess the childbirth related fear and associated factors among third trimester primigravida mothers visiting antenatal clinic in a selected hospital of Mangalore.

Objectives of the Study:

1. To determine the level of childbirth related fear among third trimester primigravida mothers visiting antenatal clinics.

2. To determine associated factors responsible for childbirth related fear among third trimester primigravida mothers visiting antenatal clinics.

3. To find the relationship between the childbirth related fear and associated factors among third trimester primigravida mothers visiting antenatal clinics.

4. To find the association of childbirth related fear level and the selected demographic variables.

5. To find the association of the associated factors responsible for childbirth related fear and the selected demographic variables.

Method: The research approach used for the study was descriptive survey approach. The samples were selected by the nonprobability, purposive sampling technique. The study was conducted in Lady Goshen Government hospital, Mangalore from 1.10.2013 to 31.10.13. The data was collected by using demographic proforma, fear rating scale&check list. The data collected was analyzed to achieve the objectives of the study and to test the research hypotheses using the descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: Analysis of childbirth related fear revealed that the highest percentage (98%) of the third trimester primigravida mothers had 'extreme fear' on childbirth, and (2%) of them had 'moderate fear'. Majority (95%) of sample had 'unfavourable influence' of associated factors and (5%) had 'favourable influence'. There was positive correlation (0.30) found between childbirth related fear level and associated factors among third trimester primigravida mothers at 0.05 level of significance. A significant association was found between childbirth related fear level and following demographic variables such as religion (χ² 8.25), employment status (χ² 5.69), and monthly income (χ² 14.58) .There was significant association between associated factors and following demographic variable such as age (χ² 5.11), supportive person during pregnant (χ² 1.31) and information regarding childbirth process (χ² 3.84).

Interpretation and Conclusion: The findings of the study showed that there was a significant increase of childbirth related fear level among third trimester primigravida mothers and the highest percentage of unfavourable associated factors influence on fear.

Keywords

Childbirth Related Fear, Assessment, Third Trimester Primigravida Mothers, Associated Factors.

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Teena Jacob ¹, Sandhya D’Almeida ¹

Affiliations
1 Dept of OBG (N), Laxmi Memorial College of Nursing, Mangalore, Karnataka, IN

Abstract

Breastfeeding is not as natural as it is thought to be. It has to be practised, learned and it needs a lot of determination, patience and effort on the part of the mother. A pre experimental, one group pre-test post-test design was used for the study. Using the purposive sampling technique, 50 antenatal mothers were selected and the data was collected by administering the Structured Knowledge Questionnaire on breast disorders during postnatal period. After collecting data, the Self-instructional Module (SIM) was administered to the subjects on the same day and on 8th day; a post-test was conducted using the same Structured Knowledge Questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics. The analysis of the pre test knowledge revealed that in the pre-test scores, majority (84%) of the sample had average knowledge, 12% had good knowledge and 4% of them had poor knowledge on breast disorders where as in the post test scores, majority (66%) of the sample had average knowledge and 34% of the sample had good knowledge and none of them had poor knowledge on breast disorders. There was no significant association between the variables like age, type of family, place of residence, religion, and occupation and there was significant association between the variables like educational status, parity and previous knowledge and the post-test knowledge scores. The findings of the study concluded that the Self-instructional Module on breast disorders was effective in improving the knowledge of the antenatal mothers regarding prevention and management of breast disorders during postnatal period.

Keywords

Effectiveness, Self-Instructional Module, Prevention and Management of Breast Disorders During Postnatal Period, Antenatal Mothers.

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Seema Thomas ¹, Sandhya D’Almeida ²

Affiliations
1 Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecological Nursing, Laxmi Memorial College of Nursing, Mangalore, IN

Abstract

Cessation of menstruation termed as menopause is the most striking feature during the period of transition from the reproductive to the non-reproductive stage of life. Due to hormonal changes menopausal women may experience a wide range of physical, psychological, and social problems. Issues associated with their fertility and decreased reproductive functioning makes them feel less desirable in the society. Psychological symptoms cause more damage to daily life and are also most often neglected. Stress due to this transition includes adjusting to the changing self, adapting to alterations in sexuality caused by hormonal shifts. Coping strategies help the women to overcome these problems and lead a happy life. The psychosocial problems and the coping strategies during menopause vary in each woman. Nurses play an important role in identifying these problems and helping them to lead a normal life.

Aim

The aim of this study was to assess the psychosocial problems and coping strategies of postmenopausal women in selected communities of Mangalore.

Objectives

1. To determine the level psychosocial problems among postmenopausal women.

2. To find out the coping strategies among postmenopausal women.

3. To find out the relationship between the psychosocial problems and coping strategies among postmenopausal women.

4. To find out the association of psychosocial problems and coping strategies with the demographic variables.

Method

The research approach used for the study was the descriptive survey approach.. A sample of 100 postmenopausal women was selected by the purposive sampling technique. The study was conducted in Kavoor, Devi Nagar, and Kunjathbail areas of Mangalore 1/10/2013 to 31/10/2013. The data was collected by using demographic proforma, psychosocial problem rating scale and coping scale questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed to achieve the objectives of the study and to test the research hypotheses using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Result

The findings of the study revealed that 27% of the postmenopausal women had mild level of psychosocial problems, 65% had moderate psychosocial problems and 8% had severe psychosocial problems. Majority (76%) of the sample had inadequate coping strategies whereas (24%) had adequate coping. There was low negative correlation found between the psychosocial problems and coping strategies among post menopausal women at 0.05 level of significance. Significant association was found between psychosocial problems and education (χ² =6.8040) at 0.05 level of significance. A significant association of coping score was also found with member of social group (χ²=4.03) and supportive member (χ²=5.11).

Interpretation and conclusion

The findings of the study proved that the majority of postmenopausal women had moderate psychosocial problems and inadequate coping strategies. Educating these women to cope up with their problems would help them to reduce the menopausal problems and lead a normal life.

Keywords

Assessment, Psychosocial Problems, Coping Strategies, Postmenopausal Women.

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