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Mandal, F. B.
- Pesticide Pollution in Aquatic Ecosystem
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura, West Bengal, IN
1 Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura, West Bengal, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 12, No Sp Iss (2015), Pagination: 4-4Abstract
Aquatic ecosystem including freshwater-, estuarine- and marine-ecosystem provides shelter, food, nursery and breeding places to a vast number of animals ranging from protozoa to mammals. This ecosystem also influences the life of terrestrial animals through food chain and direct consumption of water. Pesticide pollution is a case of concern for aquatic ecosystem as well as aquatic life. The use of pesticides mainly for increasing crop production and for preventing insect-borne diseases has been increased dramatically. In fact, Indian economy is now largely dependent on use of pesticides in sectors like public health, forestry and agriculture. Effect of such pesticides has been studied on various groups of vertebrates and to some extent on invertebrates. Presence of pesticides in the body of penguin and the breast milk of human has warned us about the magnitude of the problem.However, pesticides are not target specific. Toxicity develops in non-target organisms due to constant exposure to pesticides. Major portion of pesticide finally reaches aquatic ecosystem and gets accumulated in other organisms through food chain. Significant level of pesticide in fresh water system is reported from various parts of India. The present communication attempts to review the threats of pesticides, viz., chlorofluorocarbons, organophosphates and carbonates on aquatic resources and its consequences on animal life particularly of fish, birds and mammals including human in India. It also highlights the impact of pesticide pollution on human civilization and human welfare.
- Loss of Small Indigenous Fish Species in India:A Case of Concern
Abstract Views :377 |
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Authors
F. B. Mandal
1,
N. C. Nandi
2
Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura-722 101, West Bengal, IN
2 Social Environmental and Biological Association, M/4, S. M. Nagar Govt. Quarter, Kolkata-700 143, IN
1 Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura-722 101, West Bengal, IN
2 Social Environmental and Biological Association, M/4, S. M. Nagar Govt. Quarter, Kolkata-700 143, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 12, No Sp Iss (2015), Pagination: 6-6Abstract
Small indigenous fish species (SIFS) of freshwater bodies is a rich source of protein, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. Traditionally SIFS are linked to the livelihood, health and well-being of rural people. About 450 small indigenous freshwater fish species (SIFFS) are known in India, of which about 216 SIFFS are found in the north east. In the Western Ghats, the SIFFS are 196 out of 287 freshwater species and in Central India, these are 120 out of 175. Sixty two SIFFS are important for food security, while 42 are ornamental. Many SIF's species can be introduced as candidate species in freshwater aquaculture. The use of gears like mayajal, puntijal and vassal jal exerts high pressure on SIFS. Pollution, pesticide use in paddy fields, shrinkage of suitable habitats, over exploitation and other anthropogenic factors threaten many SIFFS. The Indian Fisheries Act, 1897 prohibits destructive fishing practices like poisoning and dynamite fishing. The State of Madhya Pradesh has extended the lease period to 10 years. The Tamil Nadu reservoir licensing policy allows fishers a 1:2 (fisher:government) share of larger fishes and a 1:1 share of smaller fishes. Intensive carp cultures in wetland areas to increase fish production put pressure on indigenous varieties. Need based planning for conservation and management strategies of SIFS are of utmost importance.- Loss of Small Indigenous Fish Species in India:A Case of Concern
Abstract Views :644 |
PDF Views:1
Authors
F. B. Mandal
1,
N. C. Nandi
2
Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura-7, West Bengal, IN
2 Social Environmental and Biological Association, M/4, S. M. Nagar Govt. Quarter, Kolkata-700 143, IN
1 Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura-7, West Bengal, IN
2 Social Environmental and Biological Association, M/4, S. M. Nagar Govt. Quarter, Kolkata-700 143, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 12, No 1 (2015), Pagination: 35-45Abstract
Small Indigenous Fish Species (SIFS) of freshwater bodies are a rich source of protein, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals. Traditionally SIFS are linked to the livelihood, health and well-being of rural people. About 450 SIFS are known in India, of which about 216 SIFS are found in the north east. In the Western Ghats, the SIFS are 196 out of 287 freshwater species and in Central India, these are 120 out of 175. Sixty two SIFS are important for food security, while 42 are ornamental. Many SIFS can be introduced as a candidate species in freshwater aquaculture. The use of gears like maya jal, punti jal and vassal jal exerts high pressure on SIFS. Pollution, pesticide use in paddy fields, shrinkage of suitable habitats, over exploitation and other anthropogenic factors threaten many SIFS. The Indian Fisheries Act of 1897 prohibits destructive fishing practices like poisoning and dynamite fi shing. The State of Madhya Pradesh has extended the lease period to 10 years. Tamil Nadu reservoir licensing policy allows fishers a 1:2 (fisher: government) share of larger fishes and a 1:1 share of smaller fishes. Intensive carp cultures in wetland areas to increase fi sh production put pressure on indigenous varieties. Need based plannings for conservation and management strategies of SIFS are of utmost importance.Keywords
Small Fish Species, Threats, Conservation, Nutrition, Livelihood.References
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- Biodiversity Scenario in India
Abstract Views :244 |
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Authors
F. B. Mandal
1,
A. K. Ghosh
2
Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura-722 101, West Bengal, IN
2 Centre for Environment and Development, 329, Jodhpur Park, Kolkata-700068, IN
1 Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura-722 101, West Bengal, IN
2 Centre for Environment and Development, 329, Jodhpur Park, Kolkata-700068, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 8, No 1 (2011), Pagination: 1-24Abstract
India, the seventh largest country in the world with 2.4% global space and a total area of 3,287,263 sq km, belongs to Oriental realm. Being the Asia's second largest nation it provides shelter to about 90,000 animal species in less than 50% geographical region surveyed so far. With over 45,000 registered wild plant species, India accounts for about 8.5% of world's known species of flora and fauna. Mega diversity countries altogether hold 60 to 70% of world's biodiversity. India, one of the mega diversity countries, has so far protected 4.3% of its total land area. It is well-known for original home land for many agricultural crops. It is also noted for high endemicity, especially in the Himalaya and Western Ghats. Besides species diversity, India represents every major ecosystem diversity from the mountains, to forests, deserts, wetlands, mangroves, islands, etc. Besides the recognized hotspots, like Western Ghats and eastern Himalaya, India is endowed with other rich biodiversity locales. Conservation efforts have sometimes been conflicting, affecting tribal populations, living within or near protected areas. Information on recorded Indian biodiversity appears to be fragmentary, although a consolidated account would be significant in effective policy making for conservation at national as well as international levels, sustainable use of bioresources and for ensuring our biofuture. The present communication attempts to sum up the relevant up to date biodiversity information known from India succinctly that would have significance to researchers, policy makers and conservation biologists. Ecosystem-, species- and genetic diversity are discussed along with a note on agro- and livestock- biodiversity. Following CBD in 1992, to which India is a party, it has enacted "Biological Diversity Act" in 2002 and "Biological Diversity Rules" 2004, offering a three tier management system to ensure Access and Benefit Sharing mechanism for sustainable use and promoting conservation.Keywords
India, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Forest, Grassland, Desert, Wetland, Mangrove, Marine, Coral.- Biodiversity and Our Biofuture:A Holistic Understanding
Abstract Views :247 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura-722 101, West Bengal, IN
1 Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, Bankura-722 101, West Bengal, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 3, No 1 (2006), Pagination: 69-84Abstract
Studies on biodiversity throughout the world are of immense value to mankind. The present communication attempts to outline the existing hiodiversity and our probable biofuture considering the present trends of anthropogenic threats lo biodiversity. The key elements of biodiversity are ecological diversity, genetic diversity and species diversity. Damage to biodiversity is caused due to habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation, introduction of exotic species and diseases, environmental pollution and genetic assimilation. Biodiversity issue has been discussed from the ecological, behavioral, genetic, evolutionary, social and aesthetic point of views. For preserving species richness, knowledge about endcmism, type of habitat, keystone species, effective population size and animal behaviour requires consideration. Geographic Information System (GIS) has been emerged as an effective tool for conservation of species and their habitat. Current loss of biodiversity is primarily associated with expanding human population and increasing consumerism. The consequences of such loss will threaten the existence of man himself on this planet. Involvement of the people in biodiversity protection movement with benefit sharing and policy level changes is considered to be urgent for protecting our biofuture.Keywords
Biodiversity, Evolution, Extinction, Biofuture, Anthropogenic Threats.- Pesticide POPs, their Impacts and Sustainable Development:A Synthesis
Abstract Views :239 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, P.O. & Dist : Bankura, West Bengal, IN
2 Department of Zoology, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan, Birbhum, West Bengal, IN
1 Department of Zoology, Bankura Christian College, P.O. & Dist : Bankura, West Bengal, IN
2 Department of Zoology, Visva Bharati, Santiniketan, Birbhum, West Bengal, IN
Source
Journal of Environment and Sociobiology, Vol 4, No 1 (2007), Pagination: 63-76Abstract
A number of toxic and persistent chemicals are used as essential materials for agricultural development and protection against insect-borne human diseases. An International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemical of UNEP has recorded a total of four million chemicals, both anthropogenic and natural, including those produced through biological processes. In addition, 30,000 new chemical compounds each year are also documented. Among these, 60,000-70,000 commonly used chemicals are present in air, water and food. Some chemicals are potentially toxic. On entering living organisms, toxins even in very dilute concentration cause malfunctioning of vital activities and eventually lead to impaired health and even unwanted death of the organisms. Toxins exert their effects at subcellular-, cellular-, system-, individual-, species-, population-, community- and ecosystem levels. Toxic and persistent chemicals undoubtedly require management for protecting the life support system on earth.
The Stockholm Convention (2004) on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) sets out control measures for 12 chemicals, the so called "dirty dozen". Since the Stockholm Conference, the global chemical industry has grown almost nine folds and an annual growth rate of about 3 percent is expected to continue over the next three decades, with a considerable increase in trade as reported by OECD. Assuming the future of current trends of development, the World Commission on Environment and Development in 1987 launched the concept of sustainable development as "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".
Thanks to biotechnologist for their innovations, solutions to some toxicological problems through genetically improved crops are currently available. But the goal of making our environment free from the man-made chemical hazards is yet to reach. The present communication attempts to examine all the relevant information including policy level actions to identify the future works for combating the pesticide POPs . (viz., DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, heptachlor, mirex and toxaphane) imposed problems considering both holistic and reductionism approaches for ensuring sustainable development.