Journal of Geological Society of India (Online archive from Vol 1 to Vol 78)

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Evidence for Structural Discordance in the Inverted Metamorphic Sequence of Sikkim Himalaya: Towards Resolving the Main Central Thrust Controversy


Affiliations
1 Department of Geology and Geophysics, I.I.T., Kharagpur, Kharagpur - 721 302, India
2 School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
     

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Inverted metamorphism in the Himalayas is closely associated with the Main Central Thrust (MCT). In the western Himalayas, the Main Central Thrust conventionally separates high grade metamorphic rocks of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence (HHCS) from unmetamorphosed rocks of the Inner sedimentary Belt. In the eastern Himalayas, the Inner sedimentary Belt is absent, and the HHCS and meta-sedimentary Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) apparently form a continuous Barrovian metamorphic sequence, leading to confusion about the precise location of the MCT. In this study, it is demonstrated that migmatitic gneisses of the sillimanite zone in the higher structural levels of the HHCS are multiply deformed, with two phases of penetrative fabric formation (S1HHCS and S2HHCS) followed by third folding event associated with a spaced, NW-SE trending, north-east dipping foliation (S3HHCS). The underlying LHS schists (kyanite zone and lower) are also multiply deformed, with the bedding S0 being isoclinally folded (F1LHS), and subsequently refolded (F2LHS and F3LHS). The contact zone between the HHCS and LHS is characterized by ductile, top-to-the southwest shearing and stabilization of a pervasive foliation that is consistently oriented NW-SE and dips northeast. This foliation is parallel to the S3HHCS foliation in the HHCS, and the S2LHS in the LHS. Early lineations in the HHCS and LHS also show different dispersions across the contact shear zone, implying that pre-thrusting orientations of the two units were distinct. The contact shear zone is therefore interpreted to be a plane of structural discordance, shows a shear sense consistent with thrust movement and is associated with mineral growth during Barrovian metamorphism. It may well be considered to represent the MCT in this region.

Keywords

Inverted Metamorphism, Main Central Thrust, Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence, North Sikkim.
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  • Evidence for Structural Discordance in the Inverted Metamorphic Sequence of Sikkim Himalaya: Towards Resolving the Main Central Thrust Controversy

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Authors

Saibal Gupta
Department of Geology and Geophysics, I.I.T., Kharagpur, Kharagpur - 721 302, India
Aditi Das
Department of Geology and Geophysics, I.I.T., Kharagpur, Kharagpur - 721 302, India
Sudipta Goswami
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia Norwich, NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
Ananda Modak
Department of Geology and Geophysics, I.I.T., Kharagpur, Kharagpur - 721 302, India
Suman Mondal
Department of Geology and Geophysics, I.I.T., Kharagpur, Kharagpur - 721 302, India

Abstract


Inverted metamorphism in the Himalayas is closely associated with the Main Central Thrust (MCT). In the western Himalayas, the Main Central Thrust conventionally separates high grade metamorphic rocks of the Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence (HHCS) from unmetamorphosed rocks of the Inner sedimentary Belt. In the eastern Himalayas, the Inner sedimentary Belt is absent, and the HHCS and meta-sedimentary Lesser Himalayan Sequence (LHS) apparently form a continuous Barrovian metamorphic sequence, leading to confusion about the precise location of the MCT. In this study, it is demonstrated that migmatitic gneisses of the sillimanite zone in the higher structural levels of the HHCS are multiply deformed, with two phases of penetrative fabric formation (S1HHCS and S2HHCS) followed by third folding event associated with a spaced, NW-SE trending, north-east dipping foliation (S3HHCS). The underlying LHS schists (kyanite zone and lower) are also multiply deformed, with the bedding S0 being isoclinally folded (F1LHS), and subsequently refolded (F2LHS and F3LHS). The contact zone between the HHCS and LHS is characterized by ductile, top-to-the southwest shearing and stabilization of a pervasive foliation that is consistently oriented NW-SE and dips northeast. This foliation is parallel to the S3HHCS foliation in the HHCS, and the S2LHS in the LHS. Early lineations in the HHCS and LHS also show different dispersions across the contact shear zone, implying that pre-thrusting orientations of the two units were distinct. The contact shear zone is therefore interpreted to be a plane of structural discordance, shows a shear sense consistent with thrust movement and is associated with mineral growth during Barrovian metamorphism. It may well be considered to represent the MCT in this region.

Keywords


Inverted Metamorphism, Main Central Thrust, Higher Himalayan Crystalline Sequence, North Sikkim.

References