Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Ethics and IPR - Much Needed Legal Solutions for Tomorrow


Affiliations
1 Institute of Law, Faculty of Law and Administration, the University of Silesia in Katowice, 11b Bankowa Street, 40-009 Katowice, Poland
2 Institute of Chemistry, the University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
3 Process Integration Limited Station House, Stamford New Road Altrincham WA14 1EP, United Kingdom
 

This article considers the protection of authorship in scientific papers. We analysed the role of authorship in the light of the current legal and ethical framework. We have discovered that standard rules of copyright law refer to the relationship between the 'author' and the result of their creative activity. 'Authors' are not originators of a discovery, idea, procedure, theory, method or other immaterial contribution to research unless they have fixed the intellectual work in any tangible medium of expression. At times, it is challenging to identify scientific products, which are an essential contribution to research projects, which means that copyright law might not protect them. These two contexts, modern science and copyright law, allow us to conclude that ethical codes for researchers properly define the right to be an author of a scientific paper. The study aims to clarify that (1) international human rights guarantee the protection of the author's moral rights of the original contribution to the research project, (2) this obligation is not implemented correctly by national legislators, (3) national legislators' task is to create an adequate legal protection system for original contributions to research science according to the example of the solutions adopted by the German legislator.

Keywords

Human Rights, Legal and Ethical Rules of Authorship, Research Contribution, Authorship Attribution, Protecting Original Research Contribution, Responsibility
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors, Guidelines of International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), (2021), http://www.icmje.org/recommendations/ browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-ofauthors- and-contributors.html#two (accessed on 29 March 2022).
  • Schofferman J & Wetzel F T, Bono Ch: Ghost and guest authors: You can’t always trust who you read, Commentary, Pain Medicine, 16 (2015) 416–420.
  • Kornhaber R A, Mclean L M & Baber R J, Ongoing ethical issues concerning authorship in biomedical journals: An integrative review, International Journal of Nanomedicine, 2015,DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S87585; Rasmussen K, Bero L &Redberg R, et al., Collaboration between academics and industry in clinical trials: Cross sectional study of publications and survey of lead academic authors, BMJ, 2018, DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k3654; Ross J S, Hill K P, Egilman D S, et al., Guest authorship and ghost writing in publications related to Rofecoxib: A case study of industry documents from Rofecoxib litigation, JAMA, 2008, DOI: 10.1001/jama.299.15.1800.
  • Dance A, Authorship – Who’s on first?, Nature, 2012, DOI: 10.1038/nj7417-591a; Greene M, The demise of the lone author, Nature, 2007, DOI: 10.1038/d41586-019-01804-4; Kiser G L, No more first authors, no more last authors, Nature, 2018, DOI: 10.1038/d41586-018-06779-2; Editorial: Defining the scientific method, Nature Methods, 2009, DOI: 10.1038/nmeth0409-237.
  • Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1979), https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/283698 (29 March 2022); Code de la propriétéintellectuel, loi n° 92-597 of the Republic of France (1992), https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT00000035 7475/ (29 March 2022); Act on Copyright and Related Rights of the Republic of German (1965), https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_urhg/englisch_ urhg.html (29 March 2022); Act on Copyright and Related Rights of the Republic of Poland (1994), http://www.en.pollub.pl/files/17/attachment/88_Act-on- Copyright-and-Related-Rights,1994.pdf (accessed on 29 March 2022); Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1988), https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/contents (accessed on 29 March 2022); Copyright Law of the United States and Related Laws Contained in Tıtle 17 of the United States Code (1976), https://www.copyright.gov/title17/ (accessed on 29 March 2022).
  • Buccafusco C, A theory of copyright authorship, Virginia Law Review, 102 (2016) 1229, 1233-1234; Ginsburg J C, The concept of authorship in Comparative Copyright Law, EePaul Law Review, 52 (4) (2003) 1063–1092.
  • Ricketson S & Ginsburg J, International copyright and neighbouring rights: The Berne Convention and Beyond(Oxford University Press Inc., New York) 2nded (2006) 358-359.
  • Ginsburg J C, The right to claim authorship in U.S. Copyright and Trademark Law, University Houston Law Review, 41 (2004) 263–307; JankowskaM, Autoriprawodo autorstwa [Author and right to authorship] (Wolters Kluwer Publisher House, Warsaw) 2011; Simone D, Copyright and Collective Authorship,Locating the authors of Collaborative Work (University Printing House, Cambridge) (2019) 131-158.
  • Wilson E B Jr., At introduction to Scientific Research (Dover Publications, INC, New York) 3rded (1990) 287.
  • Biagioli M, Aporias of Scientific Authorship: Credit and Responsibility in Contemporary Biomedicine, in: The Science Studies Reader, ed. BiagioliM (Routledge, New York) 1999, 12 – 29, Biagioli M, Rights or Rewards? Changing Frameworks of Scientific Authorship, in: Scientific Authorship: Credit and Intellectual Property in Science, ed. Biagioli M, Galison P, New York: Routledge, 2003, 253-261.
  • Chorążewska A, Utwór naukowy a ochrona pracy naukowej [Scientificwork and protection of scientificwork], in: Chorążewska A and Biłgorajski wolność badań naukowych a ochrona pracy naukowej. Studiumprzypadków z naukścisłycheksperymentalnych [The constitutional freedom of research and the protection of scholarly work. A study of cases represented by experimental exact sciences] (University of Silesia in Katowice Publishing House, Katowice) 2018,81-241; McNutt M K, Bradford M, Drazen J M, et al., Transparency in authors’ contributions and responsibilities to promote integrity in scientific publication, PNAS, 2018, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715374115.
  • Integrity in Research of Israel National Council for Research & Development (1998), https://in.bgu.ac.il/en/Global/Pages/ EURAXESS/EURAXESS-Rights.aspx (accessed on 29 March 2022).
  • COPE Discussion Document: Authorship, COPE Council, September 2019 Version 1: Published on 9 June 2014, https://publicationethics.org/files/COPE_DD_A4_Authorshi p_SEPT19_SCREEN_AW.pdf; How to handle authorship disputes: a guide for new researchers, Guidelines of Committee on Publication Ethics COPE (2003), https://publicationethics.org/files/2003pdf12_0.pdf; Nature Research journals' authorship policy (2021), https://www.nature.com/authors/policies/authorship.html (accessed on 29 March 2022).
  • Authorship Guidelines for Academic Papers of British Sociological Association (2001), https://www.britsoc.co.uk/ publications/guidelines-reports/authorship-guidelines/; Authorship Guidelines of Manchester University (2021), https://www.staffnet.manchester.ac.uk/rbe/ethics-integrity/ author-guidance/; Code of Academic Ethics of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (2007), http://in.bgu.ac.il/en/Global/ Documents/General/EthicalCodeenglishversion.pdf; Code of Ethics for Research Workers of The General Assembly of the Polish Academy of Sciences (2020), https://instytucja.pan.pl/images/2021/CodeofEthicsForResear chersThirdEdition.pdf; Danish Code of Conduct for Research Integrity (2014), https://ufm.dk/publikationer/2014/thedanish- code-of-conduct-for-research-integrity/; Research Policy Handbook of Stanford University (2021), https://doresearch. stanford.edu/policies/research-policy-handbook; Harvard Medical School Authorship Guidelines (1999), https://hms.harvard.edu/sites/default/files/assets/Sites/Ombud s/files/AUTHORSHIP%20GUIDELINES.pdf (accessed on 29 March 2022).
  • International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals (2019), http://www.icmje.org/icmje-recommendations.pdf (accessed on 29 March 2022).
  • European Charter for Researchers & The Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers (2005), https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/sites/default/files/am509774cee _en_e4.pdf; Montreal Statement on Research Integrity in Cross-Boundary Research Collaborations (2013), https://wcrif.org/documents/354-montreal-statementenglish/ file; Singapore Statement on Research Integrity (2010), https://wcrif.org/documents/327-singaporestatement- a4size/file (accessed on 29 March 2022).
  • The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity (2017), https://www.allea.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ ALLEA-European-Code-of-Conduct-for-Research-Integrity- 2017.pdf (accessed on 23 May 2023).
  • Declaration of Support for the European Charter for Researchers and the Code of Conduct for the Recruitment of Researchers of the Foundation for Polish Science (2011), https://www.fnp.org.pl/assets/Declaration-for-supportfor- CC.pdf; Declaration VP European of Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (2015), http://in.bgu.ac.il/en/Global/ Documents/BGU%20-%20Declaration%20VP%20European. pdf (accessed on 29 March 2022).
  • Integrity and responsibility in research practices Guide of CNRS Ethics Committee, https://comite-ethique.cnrs.fr/ wp-content/uploads/2020/09/COMETS-GUIDE-EN.pdf (accessed on 23 May 2023).
  • The Code of Ethics of the American Educational Research Association, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/ 0013189X11410403?journalCode=edra (accessed on 23 May 2023).
  • Guidelines of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), Defining the Role of Authors and Contributors, https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/ roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-andcontributors. html (accessed on 23 May 2023).
  • Chorążewska A, Scientific creation as a constitutionally protected category and the rules of collective attribution of authorship to scientific works in exact sciences, Constitutional Law Review, 55 (3) (2020) 35-52, https://doi.org/10.15804/ppk.2020.03.02.
  • Hochschulrahmengesetz (1976), http://www.gesetzeim- internet.de/hrg/BJNR001850976.html (accessed on 29 March 2022).

Abstract Views: 61

PDF Views: 36




  • Ethics and IPR - Much Needed Legal Solutions for Tomorrow

Abstract Views: 61  |  PDF Views: 36

Authors

Anna Chorazewska
Institute of Law, Faculty of Law and Administration, the University of Silesia in Katowice, 11b Bankowa Street, 40-009 Katowice, Poland
Ivana Stanimirova
Institute of Chemistry, the University of Silesia in Katowice, 9 Szkolna Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
Kamil Oster
Process Integration Limited Station House, Stamford New Road Altrincham WA14 1EP, United Kingdom

Abstract


This article considers the protection of authorship in scientific papers. We analysed the role of authorship in the light of the current legal and ethical framework. We have discovered that standard rules of copyright law refer to the relationship between the 'author' and the result of their creative activity. 'Authors' are not originators of a discovery, idea, procedure, theory, method or other immaterial contribution to research unless they have fixed the intellectual work in any tangible medium of expression. At times, it is challenging to identify scientific products, which are an essential contribution to research projects, which means that copyright law might not protect them. These two contexts, modern science and copyright law, allow us to conclude that ethical codes for researchers properly define the right to be an author of a scientific paper. The study aims to clarify that (1) international human rights guarantee the protection of the author's moral rights of the original contribution to the research project, (2) this obligation is not implemented correctly by national legislators, (3) national legislators' task is to create an adequate legal protection system for original contributions to research science according to the example of the solutions adopted by the German legislator.

Keywords


Human Rights, Legal and Ethical Rules of Authorship, Research Contribution, Authorship Attribution, Protecting Original Research Contribution, Responsibility

References