A Brief Overview on Galaxies in Timeline Order

Here, I present an alternate solution for the dark matter problem. I show that the stars of a galaxy’s arm attract each other with a force (beyond gravity) that produces a chain of stars. We already have an abundance of data (ring and multiring galaxies) as proof of the existence of this strong stars chain. This attraction force effect may only be present between stars or perhaps black holes but not any other matter such as gases in the interstellar medium or planets. Its effect does not end at the galaxy’s boundaries but gets deeper into the cosmos and may explain the dark energy problem. I also offer a novel timeline order for the well-known galaxies using Hubble classification.