Journal of Scientific and Technical Research (Sharda University, Noida)

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Eco-Friendly Chitosan Nanoparticles Cross Linked with Genipin:Basis to Develop Control Release Nanofertilizer


Affiliations
1 Nano Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Synthesis of nanoparticles has become a matter of great interest in recent years due to their so many functional properties and applications in a variety of fields. Nano-particle mediated control release fertilizer is one of the applications which has potential to enhance plant growth and yield while minimizing serious environmental impacts due to excessive use of conventional bulk fertilizers. Nevertheless, many of the research work carried out in relation to synthesis of nanoparticles have used synthetic constituents which are being considered as harmful to the human health and environment. Investigations have also indicated that certain engineered nanomaterials can lead to unforeseen environmental, health and safety risks. The aim of the present study was to produce biodegradable and biocompatible nanoparticles in an eco-friendly manner originated from locally available raw materials and natural excipients addressing the said risks which will ultimately lead to development of eco-friendly nanofertilizers to release nutrients gradually in a controlled manner. Chitosan, a natural biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, was synthesized from chitin which was extracted from exoskeleton of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Linn). A natural cross linker, Genipin was extracted from tender fruit of Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Linn). Chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized using Genipin (Fig. 1) as the cross linking agent with ionotropic gelation method. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis confirmed structure of the synthesized chitosan. Average size of the synthesized chitosan nanoparticles is 90 nm (Fig. 2) which can be tuned by controlling the pH, dose of the cross linker and chitosan concentration. Innovative and promising results of this study will pave pathway to achieve green nanopartciles.

Keywords

Biocompatible, Biodegradable, Chitosan, Cross Linking, Genipin, Ionotropic Gelation, Natural Polymer.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • H. M. M. Adbel-Aziz, A. M. Omer, D. M. A. El-Bialy, and M. N. A. Hasaneen, “Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles for loading with NPK fertilizer,” African Journal of Biotechnology, vol. 13, no. 31, pp. 3158-3164, July 2014.

  • N. Alexandratos, “World food and agriculture to 2030/50 revisited,” Paper for Expert Meeting on How to Feed the World in 2050, Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 2011.

  • S. Agrawal, and P. Rathore, “Nanotechnology pros and cons to agriculture: A review,” International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, vol. 3, no.3, pp. 43-55, 2014.

  • D. R. Bhumkar, and V. B. Pokharkar, “Studies on effect of pH on cross-linking of chitosan with sodium tripoly-phosphate: A technical note,” AAPS PharmSciTech, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. E138-E143, June 2006.

  • H. Bouwmeester, S. Dekkers, M. Y. Noordam, W. I.Hagens, A. S. Bulder, C. D. Heer, S. E. C. G. T. Voorde, S. W. P. Wijnhoven, H. J. P. Marvin, and A. J. A. M.Sips, “Review of health safety aspects of nanotechnologies in food production,” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 52-62, February 2009.

  • F. Burrows, C. Louime, M. Abazinge, and O. Onokpise, “Extraction and evaluation of chitosan from crab exoskeleton as a seed fungicide and plant growth enhancer,” American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 103-111, 2007.

  • Q. Chaudhary, and L. Castle, “Food applications of nanotechnologies: An overview of opportunities and challenges for developing countries,” Trends in Food Science and Technology, vol. 22, no. 11, pp. 595-603, November 2011.

  • L. Chen, Z. Xie, X. Zhuang, X. Chen, and X. Jing, “Controlled release of urea encapsulated by starch gpoly (L-lactide),” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 72, no.2, pp. 342-348, May 2008.

  • C. Djerassi, J. D. Gray, and F. A. Kincl, “Naturally occurring oxygen heterocycles. IX. Isolation and characterization of genipin,” The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 2174-2177, 1960.

  • FAO world agriculture towards 2030/2050: The 2012 revision. ESA Working Paper No. 12-03, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 2012.

  • A. Goel, “Agricultural applications of nanotechnology,” Journal of Biological and Chemical Research, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 260-266, 2015.

  • E. Al, G. Guclu, T. B. Iyim, S. Emik, and S. Ozgumu, “Synthesis and properties of starch-graft-acrylic acid / na-montmorillonite superabsorbent composite hydrogels,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 109, no.1, pp. 16-22, July 2008.

  • E. A. El-Hefian, M. M. Nasef, and A. H. Yahaya, “The preparation and characterization of chitosan / poly (vinyl alcohol) blended films,” E-Journal of Chemistry, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 1212-1219, 2010.

  • J. Jin, and M. Song, “Chitosan and chitosan-PEO blend membranes cross-linked by genipin for drug release,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol. 102, no. 1, pp.436-444, October 2006.

  • A. Kahru, and H. C. Dubourguier, “From ecotoxicology to nanoecotoxicology,” Toxicology, vol. 269, no. 2-3, pp. 105-119, March 2010.

  • L. R. Khot, S. Sankaran, J. M. Maja, R. Ehsani, and E.W. Schuster, “Applications of nanomaterials in agricultural production and crop protection: A review,” Crop Protection, vol. 35, pp. 64-70, May 2012.

  • N. Kottegoda, I. Munaweera, N. Madusanka, and V.Karunaratne, “A green slow-release fertilizer composition based on urea-modified hydroxyapatite nanoparticles encapsulated wood,” Current Science, vol. 101, no.1, pp. 73-78, July 2011.

  • K. Kumari, and U. Rani, “Controlled release of metformin hydrochloride through crosslinked blends of chitosan-starch,” Advances in Applied Sciences Research, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 48-54, 2011.

  • M. Liu, R. Liang, F. Zhan, Z. Liu, and A. Niu, “Preparation of superabsorbent slow release nitrogen fertilizer by inverse suspension polymerization,” Polymer International, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 729-737, June 2007.

  • R. Liu, and R. Lal, “Potentials of engineered nanoparticles as fertilizers for increasing agronomic products,” Science of the Total Environment, vol. 514, pp. 131-139, May 2015.

  • B. Manickam, R. Sreedharan, and M. Elumalai, “Genipin the natural water soluble crosslinking agent and its importance in the modified drug delivery systems: An overview,” Current Drug Delivery, vol. 11, pp.

  • -145, 2014.

  • R. A. A. Muzzarelli, “Genipin-crosslinked chitosan hydrogels as biomedical and pharmaceutical aids,” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 77, no. 1, pp. 1-9, May 2009.

  • G. Oberdörster, E. Oberdörster, and J. Oberdörster, “Nanotoxicology: An emerging discipline evolving

  • from studies of ultrafine particles,” Environmental Health Perspectives, vol. 113, no. 7, pp. 823-839, July 2005.

  • A. M. Piras, G. Maisetta, S. Sandreschi, M. Gazzarri, C.Bartoli, L. Grassi, S. Esin, F. Chiellini, and G. Batoni, “Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with the antimicrobial peptide temporin B exert a long-term antibacterial activity in vitro against clinical isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis,” Frontiers in Microbiology, vol. 6, p. 372, April 2015.

  • I. Park, J. Cheng, and A. P. Pisano, “Low temperature, low pressure nanoimprinting of chitosan as a biomaterial for bionanotechnology applications,” Applied Physics Letters, vol. 90, no. 9, pp. 1-3, 2007.

  • Y. S. Puvvada, S. Vankayalapati, and S. Sukhavasi, “Extraction of chitin from chitosan from exoskeleton of shrimp for application in the pharmaceutical industry,” International Current Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 258-263, 2012.

  • R. Rajalakshmi, M. Y. Indira, U. Aruna, V. Vinesha, V. Rupangada, and M. S. B. Krishna, “Chitosannanoparticles - An emerging trend in nanotechnology,” International Journal of Drug Delivery, vol. 6, no. 3, pp.204-229, 2014.

  • C. M. Rico, S. Majumdar, M. Duarte-Gardea, J. R.Peralta-Videa, and J. L. Gardea-Torresdey, “Interaction of nanoparticles with edible plants and their possible implications in the food chain,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2011, vol. 59, no. 8, pp. 3485-3498, 2011.

  • R. Riva, H. Ragelle, A. D. Rieux, N. Duhem, C. Jerome, and V. Preat, “Chitosan and chitosan derivatives in drug delivery and tissue engineering,” Advance Polymer Science, vol. 244, pp. 19-44, 2011.

  • S. I. Sempeho, H. T. Kim, E. Mubofu, A. and Hilonga, “Meticulous overview on the controlled release fertilizers,” Advances in Chemistry, vol. 2014. Available: www.hindawi.com/journals/ac/2014/363071/abs/

  • S. Senel, and S. J. McClure, “Potential applications of chitosan in veterinary medicine,” Advance Drug Delivery Review, vol. 56, no. 10, pp. 1467-1480, June 2004.

  • J. C. Tarafdar, A. Agrawal, R. Raliya, P. Kumar, U.Burman, and R. K. Kaul, “ZnO nanoparticles induced synthesis of polysaccharides and phosphatases by Aspergillus fungi,” Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 1-5, 2012.

  • J. C. Tarafdar, Y. Xiong, W.-N. Wang, D. Quin, and P.Biswas, “Standardization of size, shape and concentration of nanoparticle for plant application,” Applied Biological Research, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 138-144, 2012.

  • United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, Key Findings and Advance Tables, Working Paper No. ESA/P/WP.241, New York, USA, 2015.

  • S. A. White, P. R. Farina, and I. Fulton, “Production and isolation of chitosan from Mucor rouxii,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 38, no. 2, pp. 323-328, 1979.

  • L. Wu, M. Liu, and R. Liang, “Preparation and properties of a double-coated slow-release NPK compound fertilizer with superabsorbent and water retention,” Bioresource Technology, vol. 99, no. 3, pp. 547-554, February 2008.

  • Y. Yu, X. L. Feng, H. Gao, Z. L. Xie, Y. Dai, X. J.Huang, H. Kurihara, W. C. Ye, Y. Zhong, and X. S. Yao, “Chemical constituents from the fruits of gardenia jasminoides Ellis,” Fitoterapia, vol. 83, no. 3, pp. 563-567, April 2012.

  • Y. Zhang, Y. Yang, and T. Guo, “Genipin-crosslinked hydrophobical chitosan microspheres and their interactions with bovine serum albumin,” Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 2016-2021, February 2011.


Abstract Views: 444

PDF Views: 4




  • Eco-Friendly Chitosan Nanoparticles Cross Linked with Genipin:Basis to Develop Control Release Nanofertilizer

Abstract Views: 444  |  PDF Views: 4

Authors

J. G. Shantha Siri
Nano Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka
C. A. N. Fernando
Nano Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka
N. De Silva
Nano Technology Research Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka

Abstract


Synthesis of nanoparticles has become a matter of great interest in recent years due to their so many functional properties and applications in a variety of fields. Nano-particle mediated control release fertilizer is one of the applications which has potential to enhance plant growth and yield while minimizing serious environmental impacts due to excessive use of conventional bulk fertilizers. Nevertheless, many of the research work carried out in relation to synthesis of nanoparticles have used synthetic constituents which are being considered as harmful to the human health and environment. Investigations have also indicated that certain engineered nanomaterials can lead to unforeseen environmental, health and safety risks. The aim of the present study was to produce biodegradable and biocompatible nanoparticles in an eco-friendly manner originated from locally available raw materials and natural excipients addressing the said risks which will ultimately lead to development of eco-friendly nanofertilizers to release nutrients gradually in a controlled manner. Chitosan, a natural biocompatible and biodegradable polymer, was synthesized from chitin which was extracted from exoskeleton of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Linn). A natural cross linker, Genipin was extracted from tender fruit of Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Linn). Chitosan nanoparticles were synthesized using Genipin (Fig. 1) as the cross linking agent with ionotropic gelation method. Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis confirmed structure of the synthesized chitosan. Average size of the synthesized chitosan nanoparticles is 90 nm (Fig. 2) which can be tuned by controlling the pH, dose of the cross linker and chitosan concentration. Innovative and promising results of this study will pave pathway to achieve green nanopartciles.

Keywords


Biocompatible, Biodegradable, Chitosan, Cross Linking, Genipin, Ionotropic Gelation, Natural Polymer.

References