Journal of Scientific and Technical Research (Sharda University, Noida)

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

An Overview Of Therapeutics To Fight Against Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection


Affiliations
1 Department Of Biotechnology, School Of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


Japanese encephalitis is a public health hazard throughout Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific, where many people have been affected and many have died as a result of the virus’s spread. The vaccinations that function against different age groups and the quantity of dosage necessary for the formation of antibodies against this virus were the subject of this review. We also concentrated on the creation of antiviral medicines. Azadirachta indica is a medicinal plant, and four compounds (Kulactone, Nimbolide, Gedunin, and Ohchinin acetate) from it have been found to have significant binding affinity for the virus’s RdRp protein. Oubain and Digoxin, FGIN-1- 27, Cilnidipine, Niclosamide, Genistein, Herbimycin A, and PP2 have all been shown to bind to JEV targets with high affinity. However, these proteins are involved in the replication and stability of the replication complex, nonstructural and structural proteins are the key targets for the development of therapies against this virus. These medicines may have a critical role in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific area in reducing JEV FOI. Furthermore, the permeability of the blood-brain barrier following JEV infection is also a problem. Inflammation of the CNS caused by Interleukins and other cytokines is also considered an important target for JEV therapies.

Keywords

Blood Brain Barrier, CSF, Drugs, Epidemiology, Inhibitors, Japanese Encephalitis, RNA, Vaccines.
User
Subscription Login to verify subscription
Notifications
Font Size

  • T. Bhardwaj, K. U. Saumya, P. Kumar, N. Sharma, K. Gadhave, V. N. Uversky, and R. Giri, “Japanese encephalitis virus – Exploring the dark proteome and disorder-function paradigm,” FEBS J, vol. 287, pp. 3751-3776, 2020, doi: 10.1111/febs.15427.

  • S. M. Moore, “The current burden of Japanese encephalitis and the estimated impacts of vaccination: Combining estimates of the spatial distribution and transmission intensity of a zoonotic pathogen,” PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., vol. 15, 2021, Art. no. e0009385, doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009385.

  • P. M. Winter, N. M. Dung, H. T. Loan, R. Kneen, B. Wills, …… and C. A. Hart, “Proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in humans with Japanese encephalitis,” J. Infect. Dis. vol. 190, pp. 1618-1626, 2004, doi: 10.1086/423328.

  • V. D. Dwivedi, A. Singh, S. A. El-Kafraway, T. A. Alandijany, L. H. Bajrai, M. A. Kamal, and E. I. Azhar, “Mechanistic insights into the Japanese encephalitis virus RNA dependent RNA polymerase protein inhibition by bioflavonoids from Azadirachta Indica,” Bioinformatics, 2021.

  • S.-T. Chen, R.-S. Liu, M.-F. Wu, Y.-L. Lin, S.-Y. Chen, D. T.-W. Tan, T.-Y. Chou, I.-S. Tsai, L. Li, and S.- L. Hsieh, “CLEC5A regulates Japanese encephalitis virus-induced neuroinflammation and lethality,” PLoS Pathog., vol. 8, 2012, Art. no. e1002655, doi: 10.1371/ journal.ppat.1002655.

  • R. Tiwari, S. Ghildiyal, M. Baluni, D. Singh, J. K. Srivastva, R. Kumar, and T. N. Dhole, “Association of interleukin-6 (174 G/C) and interleukin-12B (1188 A/C) gene polymorphism with expression and risk of Japanese encephalitis disease in North Indian population,” J. Neuroimmunol., vol. 358, 2021, Art. no. 577630, doi: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577630.

  • C.-J. Chen, Y.-C. Ou, S.-Y. Lin, S.-L. Raung, S.-L. Liao, C.-Y. Lai, S.-Y. Chen, and J.-H. Chen, “Glial activation involvement in neuronal death by Japanese encephalitis virus infection,” J. Gen. Virol., vol. 91, pp. 1028-1037, 2010, doi: 10.1099/vir.0.013565-0.

  • H. Liu, R. Wu, K. Liu, L. Yuan, X. Huang, Y. Wen, X. Ma, Q. Yan, Q. Zhao, ……. and X. Wen, “Enhanced immune responses against Japanese encephalitis virus using recombinant adenoviruses coexpressing Japanese encephalitis virus envelope and porcine interleukin-6 proteins in mice,” Virus Res., vol. 222, pp. 34-40, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.025.

  • C.-J. Chen, Y.-C. Ou, J.-R. Li, C.-Y. Chang, H.-C. Pan, C.-Y. Lai, S.-L. Liao, S.-L. Raung, and C.-J. Chang, “Infection of pericytes in vitro by Japanese encephalitis virus disrupts the integrity of the endothelial barrier,” J. Virol., vol. 88, pp. 1150-1161, 2014, doi: 10.1128/ JVI.02738-13.

  • K. Eckels, Y. Yongxin, D. Dubois, N. Marchette, D. Trent, and A. Johnson, “Japanese encephalitis virus live-attenuated vaccine, Chinese strain SA14-14-2; adaptation to primary canine kidney cell cultures and preparation of a vaccine for human use,” Vaccine, vol. 6, pp. 513-518, 1988, doi: 10.1016/0264-410X(88)90103-X.

  • A. Lyons, N. Kanesa-Thasan, R. A. Kuschner, K. H. Eckels, R. Putnak, W. Sun, R. Burge, A. C. Towle, ….. and E. Tauber, “A phase 2 study of a purified, inactivated virus vaccine to prevent Japanese encephalitis,” Vaccine, vol. 25, pp. 3445-3453, 2007, doi: 10.1016/j. vaccine.2006.12.046.

  • E. Tauber, H. Kollaritsch, F. von Sonnenburg, M. Lademann, B. Jilma, C. Firbas, ......... and A. Lyons, “Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial of the safety and tolerability of IC51, an inactivated Japanese encephalitis vaccine,” J Infect. Dis., vol. 198, no. 4, pp. 493-499, Aug. 2008, doi: 10.1086/590116.

  • D. Amicizia, F. Zangrillo, P. L. Lai, M. Iovine, and D. Panatto, “Overview of Japanese encephalitis disease and its prevention. focus on IC51 vaccine (Ixiaro),” J. Prev. Med. Hyg., vol. 59, E99 Pages, 2018, doi: 10.15167/2421-4248/JPMH2018.59.1.962.

  • S.-L. Raung, S.-Y. Chen, S.-L. Liao, J.-H. Chen, and C.- J. Chen, “Tyrosine kinase inhibitors attenuate Japanese encephalitis virus-induced neurotoxicity,” Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., vol. 327, pp. 399-406, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.034.

  • J. Fang, L. Sun, G. Peng, J. Xu, R. Zhou, S. Cao, H. Chen, and Y. Song, “Identification of three antiviral inhibitors against Japanese encephalitis virus from library of pharmacologically active compounds 1280,” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, 2013, Art. no. e78425, doi: 10.1371/ journal.pone.0078425.

  • J. Guo, X. Jia, Y. Liu, S. Wang, J. Cao, B. Zhang, G. Xiao, and W. Wang, “Screening of natural extracts for inhibitors against Japanese encephalitis virus infection,” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., vol. 64, 2020, Art. no. e02373-19, doi: 10.1128/AAC.02373-19.

  • P. Yadav, S. A. El-Kafrawy, M. M. El-Day, W. T. Alghafari, A. A. Faizo, .......... and E. I. Azhar, “Discovery of small molecules from Echinacea angustifolia targeting RNA dependent RNA polymerase of Japanese encephalitis virus,” Life (Basel), vol. 12, no. 7, p. 952, Jun. 2022, doi: 10.3390/life12070952.


Abstract Views: 154

PDF Views: 0




  • An Overview Of Therapeutics To Fight Against Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection

Abstract Views: 154  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Pardeep Yadav
Department Of Biotechnology, School Of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Tarushi Garg
Department Of Biotechnology, School Of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Saurabh Kumar Jha
Department Of Biotechnology, School Of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

Abstract


Japanese encephalitis is a public health hazard throughout Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific, where many people have been affected and many have died as a result of the virus’s spread. The vaccinations that function against different age groups and the quantity of dosage necessary for the formation of antibodies against this virus were the subject of this review. We also concentrated on the creation of antiviral medicines. Azadirachta indica is a medicinal plant, and four compounds (Kulactone, Nimbolide, Gedunin, and Ohchinin acetate) from it have been found to have significant binding affinity for the virus’s RdRp protein. Oubain and Digoxin, FGIN-1- 27, Cilnidipine, Niclosamide, Genistein, Herbimycin A, and PP2 have all been shown to bind to JEV targets with high affinity. However, these proteins are involved in the replication and stability of the replication complex, nonstructural and structural proteins are the key targets for the development of therapies against this virus. These medicines may have a critical role in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific area in reducing JEV FOI. Furthermore, the permeability of the blood-brain barrier following JEV infection is also a problem. Inflammation of the CNS caused by Interleukins and other cytokines is also considered an important target for JEV therapies.

Keywords


Blood Brain Barrier, CSF, Drugs, Epidemiology, Inhibitors, Japanese Encephalitis, RNA, Vaccines.

References