Forging off a Truncated Cone:An Upper Bound Analysis

We know that it is very difficult to get exact mathematical solution for metal forming problems, hence a number of approximate methods are used. Upper bound method is always preferred for the analysis of metal forming problems as it ensures the metal flow. But till date no attempt has been made to find the upper bound solution of a truncated cone. In the present work a generalized expression for finding out the average forging pressure in case of axisymmetric forging (cold) of a truncated cone is found out considering an exponential velocity field taking account the bulging effect. The effects of taper angle, height and friction on forging load are studied.