Research Cell: An International Journal of Engineering Sciences

Arshdeep Kaur ¹, Divya Prakash Gupta ¹, Shivinder Devra ¹, Karamdeep Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics Technology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, IN

Abstract

Optical fiber is a thin hair-like fiber made of silica or plastic that is used to transmit data. It consists of a transparent core surrounded by a transparent cladding. There are many kinds of fiber like Step Index MMF, Graded Index MMF, Silica doped fiber, plastic fibers, Photonic Crystal fiber, Fluoride fibers etc. Among the various types of fibers used in communication system, Photonic Crystal Fibers (PCF) are widely used due its unique structure and tendency to work in two different modes i.e. Index Guided Mode and Band Gap Mode. PCFs are widely used in spectroscopy, meteorology, bio-medicine, imaging, telecommunication, industrial machinery etc. This paper is an overview of PCF modes and its various properties.

Keywords

Photonic Crystal Fiber, Photonic Band-Gap Fiber, Index Guided Fiber.

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Arshdeep Kaur ¹, Manpreet Singh ¹

Affiliations
1 Dept. of Information Technology, Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Bioinformatics is a platform that developing a framework that supports the existing and upcoming technologies for decision making. Bioinformatics main motive is to develop tools that analyzes and execute biological data for better results. Major Focus of research is on the practices that understand and utilize data from innovative technologies and translate these to real application. The branch of science which deals with the study of relationship among different group of organisms and their evolutionary history is called Phylogenetic. These relationships are evaluated by different methods that analyses the observed values of different species or population such as DNA sequences. The result is known as Phylogency. The dataset varies from living to non living population. POWER, Delign, BLAST, HMM (Hidden Markov Model), ClustalW, MEGA6 were analyzed on different data ranges. R and RAXML tools are open source are capable of handling huge data in less space and time. POWER and CVTree3 (Third version of CVTree) tools also provide Web services. ClustalW tool performs well with similar length of sequences. HMM use series of successive instances of data and information of previous state that can be presented sequentially. PHYLIP tool is appropriate for prediction purpose. BLAST is effective in low to medium biological data. Handle Biological data efficiently with in limited resources and time is the main focus of research. R tool is more efficient in handling millions of observations. The comparison of different methods is discussed further in the table.

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