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Das, Gautam Kumar
- Man-Made Environmental Degradation at Sunderbans
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1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, IN
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, IN
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Reason-A Technical Journal (Formerly Reason-A Technical Magazine), Vol 13 (2014), Pagination: 89-105Abstract
The vibrant ecosystem of Sunderbans with its lush green mangrove forest, various types of aquatic species including many rare endemic flora and fauna, birds, crocodiles and the famous Royal Bengal Tiger is a unique Biosphere Reserve. Unfortunately such a productive ecosystem is now exposed to threats of extinction. Besides the natural global phenomena, the land degrading anthropogenic activity is one of the prime factors for this ecological decline. In a forest-society interface, unplanned over exploitation of natural resources is very common. In the case of Sunderbans also, as a result of continuously increasing population pressure almost half of the mangrove forest have been cut down to supply fuel wood, land reclamation for settlement and aquaculture and various other purposes. The situation has become precarious as there seems to be a striking imbalance between exploitation and replenishment, thereby making the ecosystem most fragile. Indiscriminate prawn seed collection, refuse and sewerage discharge from urban areas, spillage of toxic pollutants as well as trashes in the tourist spots of Sunderbans are other anthropogenic factors responsible for environmental degradation of the area. Suitable strategies for the conservation and maintenance of optimum ecological condition of this unique biodiversity have to be planned involving local people, Government and other social organizations.Keywords
Sunderbans, Mangroves, Prawn Seeds, Shell Fish, Fin Fish, Bidyadhari River, Royal Bengal Tiger.- Characteristics of Mangroves Substrate Sediments of Sunderbans
Abstract Views :385 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700 032, IN
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta-700 032, IN
Source
Reason-A Technical Journal (Formerly Reason-A Technical Magazine), Vol 12 (2013), Pagination: 7-18Abstract
Sunderbans soil is typically a physiologically dry soil because plants cannot absorb water properly from the soil due to presence of high amount of salt. The coastal tidal forest, Sunderbans has the saline micaceous deltaic alluvium of humid region. Sunderbans has too saline humic and acid sulphate soils of humid tropical region. Acid sulphate soil has highly acidic pH, high EC, presence of humic (organic) horizon, dominance of sulphate and chloride salts. Substrate soils of different geomorphic regions like riverbank, mudflats and natural levees of Sunderbans are poor in aeration and water holding capacity.Keywords
Saline Soils, Soil Reactions, Soil Characteristics, Acid Sulphate Soils, Micronutrients, Metal Oxides, NPK, Soil Distributions.- Impact of Water Quality on the Changing Environmental Scenario of Sunderbans
Abstract Views :329 |
PDF Views:123
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, IN
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata-700 032, IN
Source
Reason-A Technical Journal (Formerly Reason-A Technical Magazine), Vol 11 (2012), Pagination: 57-66Abstract
Changes in the local hydrology in the estuarine river waters of Sunderbans are the most important contributory factors attributable to the changing scenario of mangrove ecosystems. Changes in river courses impede fresh water flow towards Sunderbans. All these changes as a result of regional and global processes and climatic changes cause the changes in the salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature and all other changes in the physico-chemical parameters in the brackish waters of the Sunderbans. Mangrove distribution is limited worldwide depending principally on temperature and salinity variations of the estuarine river waters.Keywords
Brackish Waters, Temperature Variations, Salinity Declining Trends, Coastal Waters.- Sediments Grain Size Sensitiveness of the Thakuran River Basin of the Sunderbans
Abstract Views :420 |
PDF Views:145
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata–700032, IN
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata–700032, IN
Source
Reason-A Technical Journal (Formerly Reason-A Technical Magazine), Vol 14 (2015), Pagination: 19-36Abstract
Geomorphologically defined areas like mid-channel bars or flood-tidal delta, river mouth bar or ebb-tidal delta, point bar, swash platform, wash-over flat and river banks (levee) have been identified in the Thakuran River of the estuarine Sunderbans. These areas are delineated based on studies of the granulometric properties. A coarsening of graphic mean size (MZ), betterment of sorting (ó1), and negative to positive skewness (SK1) have been noticed from the seaward to landward direction. Variations of these textural parameters are related to decreasing energy levels along the same direction. A bipartite granulometric model of sedimentation having sand-to-mud from the seaward to the landward direction of the tidal creek has been discerned. This is in contrast to a tripartite granulometric model typical of estuaries.Keywords
Texture, Grain Size, Cumulative Curves, Sorting, Skewness, Kurtosis, Mean Size, Thakuran River, Sunderbans.References
- Das, G.K., Estuarine Morphodynamics of the Sunderbans. Coastal Research Library. Vol. 11. Springer, Switzerland, 211 p,2015.
- Krumbein, W.C. and Pettijohn, F.J., Manual Sedimentary Petrography. D. Appleton – Century Company, INC, p.549, 1938.
- Folk, R.L. and Ward, W., Brazos river bar-A Study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal Sedimentary Petrology. Vol. 27, pp.3-26, 1957.
- Spencer, D.W., The interpretation of grain size distribution curves of clastic sediments. Journal Sedimentary Petrology. Vol. 33, pp.180-190, 1963.
- Visher, G.S., Grainsize distribution and depositional processes. Journal Sedimentary Petrology. Vol. 39, pp.1074-1106, 1969.
- Pejrup, M., The triangular diagram used for classification of estuarine sediments : a new approach. In. Tide-influenced sedimentary environments and facies (eds.) P.L.DeBoer, A, Van Gelder and S.D.Nio. D. Reidel Publication Company. pp.289-300, 1988.
- McLaren, P., An interpretation in grain size measurements. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 51, pp.611-624, 1981.
- Moiola, R.J. and Weiser, D., Textural parameters: an evaluation. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 38, pp.45-53, 1968.
- Friedman, G.M., Dynamic processes and statistical parameters compared for size frequency distribution of beach and river sands. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 37, pp.327-354, 1967.
- Folk, R.L., Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. Haemphils, Austin, Texus. 170 p,1974.
- Friedman, G.M., Address of the retiring President of the International Association of Sedimentology: Differences in size distribution of population of particles among sands of various origin. Sedimentology, Vol. 26, pp.3-32, 1979.
- Stubblefield, W.L and Swift, D.J.P., Grain size variation across sandridges. New Jersy. Continental Shelf Geology Marine, Vol. 1, pp.45-48, 1981.
- DeMaeyer, Ph.;Wartel, S & deMoor, G., Internal structure of the Nieuw port bank Southern North Sea, Journal Sea Research. Vol.19, pp.15-18, 1985.
- DeMaeyer, Ph. and Wartel, S., Relation between superficial sediment grain size and morphological features of the coastal ridges off the Belgian coast. In. Tide-influenced sedimentary environment and facies. P.L. DeBoer et al. (eds) D. Reidal Publication Company, pp.91-100, 1988.
- Tanner, W.F., Sample components obtained by the method of differences. Journal Sedimentary Petrology. Vol. 29, pp.408-411, 1959.
- Sagoe, K.M.O. and Visher, G.S., Population breaks a grain size distribution of sand. A theoretical model. Journal Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 47, pp.215-310, 1977.
- Middleton, G.V., Hydraulic interpretation of sand size distributions, Journal Geology, Vol. 84, pp.405-426, 1976.
- Folk, R.L. Sedimentary rock nomenclature, Journal Geology, Vol. 62, pp.345-351, 1954.
- Shepard, F.P., Nomenclature based on sand-silt-clay ratio, Journal Sedimentary Petrology, Vol. 24, pp.151-158, 1954.
- Evans, G., Intertidal flat sedimentation and their environment of deposition in the Wash, Quarterly Journal Geological Society, Vol. 121, pp.209-241, 1965.
- Flemming, B.W., Mass physical properties of muddy intertidal sediments: some applications, misapplications and nonapplications, Intertidal mudflats; properties and processes, Plymouth. England, 1999.
- Rehmani, R.A., Estuarine tidal channel and nearshore sedimentation of a Late Cretaceous epicontinental sea, Drumheller, Alberta, Canada., 433-471. In: Tideinfluenced sedimentary environments and facies, P.L.de Boer, A. Van Gelder and S.D.Nio (eds), D. Reidel Publishing Company, Holland, 530p, 1988.
- Oomkens, E and Terwindt, H.H.J., Inshore estuarine sediments in the Harinvliet (Netherlands), Geological Mijubouw, Vol. 39, pp.701-710, 1960.
- Allen, G.P., Relationships between grain size parameter distribution and current patterns in the Gironde Estuary (France), Journal Sedimentary Petrology. Vol. 41, pp.74-88, 1971.
- Jouanneau, J.M. and Latouche, C., The Gironde Estuary: Contribution to Sedimentology, Schweizerbart, Stuttgart, p.115, 1981.
- Dyer, K.R., Coastal estuarine sediment dynamics, Wiley, p.342, 1986.
- Sediment Composition of the Thakuran River Basin of the Sunderbans
Abstract Views :348 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata– 700 032, IN
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata– 700 032, IN
Source
Reason-A Technical Journal (Formerly Reason-A Technical Magazine), Vol 15 (2016), Pagination: 17-21Abstract
Thakuran River sediments are typical estuarine. Lithogenic constituents are dominant with about 85-90% in bulk and biogenic components constitute the rest (10-15%). Quartz, feldspars, mica, lithic fragments and some heavy minerals are the main terrigenous constituents. Secondary overgrowth of quartz with multiple rims of inclusions suggests their derivation from sedimentary rocks of different cycles of sedimentation. The heavy mineral assemblage in the sediments lead to conclude that the sediments have been derived from the acid igneous rocks of the Himalayas in the north and the metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian shields of the west and north-west of Bengal Basin. Benthic foraminiferal assemblage indicates a shallow water, moderate to low salinity environment of deposition.Keywords
Lithogenic Components, Biogenic Components, Heavy Minerals, Acid Igneous Minerals, Metamorphic Sources, Sedimentary Rocks, Thakuran River, Sunderbans.References
- Das, G.K., Estuarine Morphodynamics of the Sunderbans, Coastal Research Library, Vol. 11, Springer, Switzerland, p.211, 2015.
- Griffiths, J.C., Scientific Method in Analysis of Sediments, McGraw Hill Book Company, p.508, 1967.
- Jansen, J.H.J. and Hensey, A.M., Interglacial and Holocene sedimentation in the northern North Sea: an example of Femian deposite in the Tartan Field, Spl Publ Inst Asso Sediment. Vol. 5, pp. 323334, 1981.
- Pettijohn, F.J, Sedimentary Rocks, 3rd Edition, CBS Publishers & Distributors, India, p.628, 1984.
- Cyclonic Hazards in the Recent Past in Peninsular India
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Reason-A Technical Journal (Formerly Reason-A Technical Magazine), Vol 19 (2020), Pagination: 1-15Abstract
Cyclonic storms happen to be a major event in the coastal peninsular of India emerging from the Bay of Bengal and theArabian Sea in recent times. Cyclones generally devastated Odisha and the Indian and Bangladesh coastal region including Sunderbans, and their adjacent areas along the coastal tract of the Bay of Bengal, but on 3 June 2020, Mumbai along with other districts of Maharashtra faced the lashes of cyclonic storms after a gap of 100 years. As a result of rising sea level due to global warming and climate change, the Indian Meteorological Department, after computation of the yearly occurrences of the storms, states that the numbers of severe cyclones increased by 11 percent in the last decades in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea. Further, the Indian Meteorological Department alerts the inhabitants living in the coastal stretch across the Indian peninsula for frequent occurrences of severe cyclones with 32 percent rise in the last five years duration in the Bay of Bengal andArabian Sea.Keywords
Climate Change, Cyclonic Hazards, Bulbul, Amphan, Nisarga, Nivar, Burevi, El Niño-La Niña Phenomena.References
- Ministry of Earth Sciences Report 2019, Government of India. 2019.
- IPCC, Cl imate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson, Eds., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 976p, 2007.
- IPCC, IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C, an IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty [V. Mass on Delmotte, P. Zhai, H. O. Pörtner, D. Roberts, J. Skea, P.R. Shukla, A. Pirani, W. Moufouma Okia, C. Péan, R. Pidcock, S. Connors, J. B. R. Matthews, Y. Chen, X. Zhou, M. I. Gomis, E. Lonnoy, T. Maycock, M. Tignor, T. Waterfield (eds.)], Incheon, Republic of Korea, 8 October, 2018, 8680p, 2018
- SAARC Meteorological Research Centre. The impact of tropical cyclones of the coastal regions of SAARC countries and their influence in the region, SMRC-No.1, SMRC Publication iii, Publisher: Director, SAARC Meteorological Research Centre (SMRC), Agargaon, Dhaka1207, Bangladesh, 1998.
- Sudha Rani, N.N.V., Satyanarayana, A.N.V. and Bhaskaran, P.K., Assessment of Climatological Trend of Sea Level over the Indian Coast Using Ar t ificial Neural Network and Wavelet Techniques, J. Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 174, pp.1527–1546, 2017.
- Das, G.K., Sea Level Rise and Cyclonic Hazards in Peninsular India, Frontier, 11 December 2019.
- Bulletins of Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), Government of India, 2019-2020.
- Das, G.K., Landfall of Bulbul - A Ravager Cyclone, Frontier, 14 November 2019.
- Das, G.K., Amphan - Maiden Super Cyclone of the Century, Frontier, 25 May 2020.
- Das, G.K., Nisarga -A Debutant Cyclone Ravaged Mumbai and Maharashtra, Frontier, 6 June 2020.
- Das, G.K., Cyclone Nivar Ravaged Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, Frontier, 28 November 2020.
- Das, G.K., Cyclone Burevi -A Cyclonic Storm of Double-acting Landfall Process, Frontier, 5 December 2020.
- Das, G.K., El Niño, La Niña and Southwest Monsoon in India, Indian Science Cruiser, Vol. 34, No.2, 2020.
- Das, G.K., Arrival of Monsoon Rains in West Bengal including the City of Joy, Frontier, 15 June 2020.
- Das, G.K., Hurricane Laura, Frontier, 11-17 October 2020.
- Forest Covers of West Bengal: A District-Wise Review
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Reason-A Technical Journal (Formerly Reason-A Technical Magazine), Vol 19 (2020), Pagination: 26-63Abstract
Forest cover mapping exercise for the state ofWest Bengal reflects the districtwise status of forests and its present trends and provides inputs for monitoring of forests and its restoration. District-wise statistics assessed from the biennial reports of the Forest Survey of India reveal the changes in the forest cover for the districts ofWest Bengal from time to time. Specifications of forest related information like forest types, and myths and history are included for all districts. District-wise forest cover change matrix reflects dwindling of the South Bengal's forest cover alarmingly from the eighties of the last century; yet a shift to joint forest conservation by making stakeholders in forestry initiatives and social forestry creation managed by the forest department has yielded the present results. Plantation under the social forestry scheme in almost all the districts of West Bengal has started showing results for the growing stocks. District-wise break-up revealed that South 24 Parganas, Uttar Dinajpur, Murshidabad and Howrah have recorded decrease in forest cover, while Bankura, Paschim Medinipur, Purulia and Birbhum have recorded a rise.There is a net increase of 54.51 sq km in the forest cover from the reported area in India State of Forest Report 2019 in comparison to the data available in the assessment report published by Forest Survey of India in 2017.Keywords
Bengal Basin, Reclamation,West Bengal, Dense Forest, Moderately Dense Forest, Open Forest,Trees Outside Forest, Mangroves, Dooars, Sunderbans.References
- Forest Survey of India, India State of Forest Report 1987-2019, Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India; Forest Survey of India (2019), India State of Forest Repor t ( ISFR 2019) , Minist ry of Environment , Forest & Cl imate Change, Government of India, p.187, 2019.
- Annual Administrative Report., Department of Forest, Government of West Bengal, p.270, 2017-18.
- Guha, A., Pradhan, A. and Mondal, K., Joint Forest Management inWest Bengal: A LongWay to Go, Journal of Human Ecology, Vol. 11, No.6, pp.471-476, 2000.
- Banerjee, A., Ghosh, S. and Springate-Baginski, O., The Creation of West Bengal's Forest Underclass, An Historical Institutional Analysis of Forest Rights Deprivations, IPPG Programme Office, IDPM, School of Envi ronment & Development University of Manchester, p.26, 2010.
- Das, G.K., Sunderbans– Environment and Ecosystem, Sarat Book House, Kolkata, ISBN: 81-87169-72-9. 254p, 2011.
- Das, G.K., Estuarine Morphodynamics of the Sunderbans, Springer, Switzerland, p.211, 2015. ISBN: 978-3-319-11342-5.
- Das, G.K.,Tidal Sedimentation in the Sunderban's Thakuran Basin, Springer, Switzerland, p.151, 2017. ISBN: 978-3-319-44190-0
- Raha, A.K., Mishra, A.V., Das, S., Zaman,S., Ghatak, S., Bhattacharjee, S.,Raha, S. and Mitra, A., Time Series Analysis of Forest and Tree Cover of West Bengal from 1988 to 2010, using RS/GIS, for Monitoring Afforestation Programmes, The Journal of Ecology, Vol. 108, pp.255-265, 2014.
- Forest Soils of Jungle Mahal
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Reason-A Technical Journal (Formerly Reason-A Technical Magazine), Vol 20 (2021), Pagination: 1-8Abstract
Jungle Mahal, though vague in its existence either in the representation in the geographical mapping or in the government records, still the term of Jungle Mahal is yet immensely popular for its numerous forest patches, elephant corridor and man-elephant conflict with the local inhabitants. The forest area of the Jungle Mahal (composed of four districts and part of two districts) once is in depleting status, which is now reviving as reported by the Forest Survey of India in 2019. The probable reasons for this increasing scenario of Jungle Mahal are the impact of climate change, change of soil chemical parameters and local people's direct participation with the forest department for forest restoration. As the study of the impact of climate change is continuing, a pilot survey has been taken up to review the physico-chemical parameters of soil in the selected areas from the Jungle Mahal. Results obtained from the soil chemical analysis of the sampled soils up to rooting depth of 30 cm show status quo as recorded before for the forest stands of the south-east part of West Bengal.Keywords
pH, NPK, Organic Carbon, EC, Acidic soil. Jungle Mahal.References
- FSI, India State of Forest Report 2019, Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Government of India, 2019.
- Das, G. K., Solitary Tree Behaves like a Nuclear Family in the Forest Stands, Frontier, Vol.26, September, 2020.
- Das, G. K., Bioeconomy and Forest Bathing Models for Green Recovery of Bengal, Indian Science Cruiser, Vol.34, No. 3, Pp.8- 9,2020.
- Wang, Q. K. and Wang, S. L., Soil Organic Matter under Different Forest Types in Southern China, Geoderma, Vol.142, pp.349-356, 2007. doi:10.1016/j. Journal Geoderma. 2007.09.006.
- Wang, C. K. and Yang, J. Y, Rhizosphe-ric and Heterotrophic Components of Soil Respiration in Six Chinese Temperate Forests, Global Change Biology, Vol.13, pp.123-131, 2007. doi:10.1111/j.1365- 2486.2006.
- Yang, K., Zhu, J., Zhang, M., Yan, Q. and Sun, O.J., Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen in Forest Ecosystems of Northeast China: A Comparison Between Natural Secondary Forest and Larch Plantation, Journal Plant Ecology, Vol.3, pp.175-182, 2010. doi:10.1093/ jpe/rtq022.
- Zhao, D., Li, F. and Wang, R., Soil Inorganic Nitrogen and Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen under Pine Plantations in Zhanggutai Sandy Soil, China, Acta Ecologica Sinica, Vol.32, pp.144-149, 2012. doi: 10.1016/ S1002-0160(08)60073- 9.
- Melle, S., Frossard, E, Spohn, M and Luster, J., Plant Nutritional Status Explains the Modifying Effect of Provenance on the Response of Beech Sapling Root Traits to Differences in Soil Nutrient Supply, Frontiers in Forest and Global Change, 2020.
- Yu, L., Ahrens, B., Wutzler, T, Zaehle, S. and Schrumpf, M., Modelling Soil Responses to Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilization along a Soil Phosphorus Stock Gradient, Frontiers in Forest and Global Change, 2020. doi: 10.3389/ffgc.2020. 543112.
- Landesman, W. and Dighton, J., Shifts in Microbial Biomass and the Bacteria: Fungi Ratio Occurs under Field Conditions within 3 H After Rainfall, Microbial Ecology, Vol.62, pp.228-236,2011.
- Tripathi, N. and Singh, R. S., Cultivation Impacts Soil Microbial Dynamics in Dry Tropical Forest Ecosystems in India, Acta Ecologica Sinica, Vol.33, pp.344-353, 2013.
- Paudel, S. and Sah, J. P., Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil in Tropical Sal (Shorearobusta) Forests in Eastern Nepal, Himalayan Journal of Sciences, Vol.1, pp.107-110,2003.
- Recous, S. and Mary, B., Microbial Immobilization of Ammonium and Nitrate in Cultivated Soils, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Vol.22, pp.913-922, 1990. doi:10.1016/0038-0717(90) 90129-N.
- Statistical Measures for Required Optimum Sample Size of Forest Stands in West Bengal
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Reason-A Technical Journal (Formerly Reason-A Technical Magazine), Vol 20 (2021), Pagination: 9-16Abstract
A survey has been taken up for statistical analysis on the sampled data collected from the 27 forests of West Bengal for determination of required optimum sample size in the forests including the nature of the vegetation pattern. Sampled data are analyzed in three phases separately applying probability measures of statistical methods. In the first phase, 9 sample spots of 2 forest patches of Garh Jangal and Aduria Forest, then 14 sample spots of the forest patches of 11 districts and overall, 27 sample spots from 19 districts situated all over the state of West Bengal are considered for statistical analysis. From the analysis, higher the survey spots, lower the required optimum sample size is revealed. Results obtained from the statistical analysis for the forest shows likely indications and positive trends that help to understand the vegetation categories, types of dominant timber trees and stem-diameters of the rest forest areas in the state.Keywords
Optimum sample size, Random sampling. Stem diameter.References
- Forest Survey of India, India State of Forest Report 2019, Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change. Government of India, p.187,2019.
- Champion, H. G. and Seth, S. K., A Revised Survey of Forest Types of India, Manager of Publication, Delhi, p.404, 1968.
- Forest Survey of India, Report on Inventory of Trees in Non-Forest Areas, A Pilot Survey in 25 Villages of West Bengal, Forest Survey of India, Eastern Zone, Calcutta, p.29,1997.
- Coastal Environment of West Bengal - A Review
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Reason-A Technical Journal (Formerly Reason-A Technical Magazine), Vol 21 (2022), Pagination: 1-18Abstract
Coastal zone of West Bengal, characterized as a typical lowland coast under a meso-macrotidal regime, register evidence of accretion and erosion that control configuration of the coastline. At present, West Bengal coast is a hostile coastal tract in nature evidenced by severe erosion that leads to lowering of coastal plains and landward advancement of coastline as it is a cyclone prone area. The coastal zone of the state is the outcome of the combined depositional effects of Ganga-Brahmaputra River and the Bay of Bengal. Tidal fluctuations, wave parameters, longshore currents, sand flats, and beach ridges are the characteristic features of the coastal areas of the state. Major catastrophic events like cyclonic storms, tidal bores, storm surges, breaking types, high tidal range, strong littoral drift that control the coastal configuration of West Bengal are examined accordingly. Nature of beach materials and different sedimentary structures on the intertidal zones are identified.Keywords
Coastal divisions, Coastal sectors, Coastal processes, Wave parameters, Coastal waters, Beach characters, Bedforms, Sediment texture, Breaker typesReferences
- Das, G. K., Cyclonic Hazards in the Recent Past in Peninsular India, Reason- A Technical Journal, Vol XIX, pp. 1-15, 2020. DOI:10.21843/reas/2020/1 -15/209270
- Das, G. K., Forest Covers of West Bengal: A District-wise Review, Reason- A Technical Journal, Vol XIX, pp. 26-63, 2020. DOI:10.21843/reas/2020/26-63/209272
- Das, G. K., Sunderbans - Environment and Ecosystem, Sarat Book House, Kolkata, 254p.,2011.
- Das, G. K., Estuarine Morphodynamics of the Sunderbans, Springer, Switzerland, 211p.,2015.
- Das, G. K., and Bhattacharya, A., Dynamic Geomorphic Environment of Indian Sunderbans, pp. 284-298, in Changing Environmental Scenario of the Indian Subcontinent, ed. S. R. Basu, ACB publication, 471 p., 2002.
- Bhattacharyya, S., Rakshit, S., Roy Chaudhuri, S and Sengupta, R., Formation of Concretions and Compact Sediment - an Evidence of Holocene Sea Level still Stand, Geological Survey of India Report, Newsletter, Marine Wing, Vol. XVII, No. 1, pp. 18-19,2003.
- Das, G. K., Tidal Sedimentation in the Sunderban's Thakuran Basin, Springer, Switzerland, 151 p., 2017.
- Bhattacharya, A., Some Geomorphic Observations Indicating Shoreline Variation in the Coastal Tract of West Bengal (India) - A Case Study around Bakkhali in Sunderbans, Proc. Int. Quat. Seminar on INQUA Shoreline, Indian Ocean Sub-Commission, pp.32-37,2000.
- Das, G. K., Environment Status of Bakkhali Beach, West Bengal, Geographical Review of India, Vol. 72, No.2, pp. 132-139,2010.
- Mitra, P. K. and Samadder, A. K., Correlation of Wave Parameters with Beach Slope along Some Selected Coastal Tracts of West Bengal and Orissa, Geological Survey of India Report, Newsletter, Marine Wing, Vol.XVII, No.1, pp. 20-22,2003.
- Samanta, S. and Paul, S. K., Geospatial Analysis of Shoreline and Land Use/ Land Cover Changes through Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques, Model Earth Syst. Environ. Vol. 2, p. 108, 2016. https://doi. org/10.1007/S40808-016-0180-0.
- Samanta, S. and Pal, D. K., Change Detection of Land Use and Land Cover over a Period of 20 Years in Papua New Guinea, Nat Sci, Vol. 8, pp. 138-151, 2016. DOI:10.4236/ns.2016.83017.
- Schwartz, M., Encyclopedia of Coastal Science, Springer, Netherlands, 1097 p., 2005.
- Shore Protection Manual. US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Coastal Engineering Research Center, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, Vol. 14, No.2, pp.587-601,1984.
- Zuzek, P. J., Nairn, R. B. and Thieme, S. J. Spatial and Temporal Consideration for Calculating Shoreline Change Rates in the Great Lakes Basin, J. Coast Res, Vol. 38, pp. 125-146,2003.
- Wright, L. D., Short, A. and Green, M., Shortterm Changes in the Morphodynamic States of Beaches and Surf Zones: An Empirical Predictive Model, Marine Geology, Vol. 62, No.3-4, pp. 339-364, 1985. DOI: 10.1016/0025-3227(85)90123-9.
- Janssen, P., The Interaction of Ocean Waves and Wind, Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, UK, 2004.
- Das, G. K., Sedimentation Processes in the Thakuran River Basin, Sunderbans, India. In Bengal Basin, Ed. S. R. Basu, ACB Publication, Kolkata, 2004.
- Das, G. K., Sediment Grain Size, pp. 555-558. In: Encyclopedia of Estuaries, M. J. Kennish (Ed.), Springer, 760p., 2016.
- Das, G. K., Sediment Characteristics of Beach Sands of Digha and Talseri, Indian Science Cruiser, Vol. 22, No. 5, pp. 17-23, 2008.
- Das, G. K., Beach Processes of Tidal Islands of Hugh Estuary, West Bengal, Geographical Review of India, Vol. 71, No. 3,pp.240-248,2009.
- Komar, P.D., Beach Processes and Sedimentation, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice- Hall, 1976.
- Das, G. K., Sedimentary Structures, pp. 568-572. In: Encyclopedia of Estuaries. M. J. Kennish (Ed.), Springer, 760 p., 2016.
- Das, G. K., Trash in the Sea Beach, Indian Science Cruiser, Vol. 23, No.2, pp.8-9, 2009.
- Das, G. K., Forests and Forestry of West Bengal-Survey and Analysis, Springer, pp. 1-231, 2021. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030- 80706-1
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- Water Quality Index of Jalangi River in Nadia District of West Bengal
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Authors
Affiliations
1 19, Raj Krishna Pal Lane, Kolkata - 700 075, IN
1 19, Raj Krishna Pal Lane, Kolkata - 700 075, IN
Source
Reason-A Technical Journal (Formerly Reason-A Technical Magazine), Vol 21 (2022), Pagination: 49-56Abstract
The river waters of Jalangi got polluted at its downstream stretch at Krishnanagar due to municipal waste discharge as well as mixing of industrial effluent from The Kishan Cooperative Milk Producer Union Ltd even 7-8 years back. Jalangi River water is currently useable for outdoor bathing after drastic sewage treatment by chlorination for disinfection of faecal coliform bacteria as well as using screen and sedimentation tank for the precipitation of different solids remained in the domestic sewage at the outlets of eight drains of Krishnanagar municipality.The water quality rating applying the formula of water quality index shows 60% good and 40% fair conditions of surface water of Jalangi River for the months from January to May 2020 which was almost poor during 2013-14 and 2014-15 respectively. Application of modified standard values for individual parameters for the computation of WQI reveals similarities of WQI values with the data of physicochemical parameters of river waters of Jalangi.Keywords
Water Quality Index, Water quality rating, Physicochemical parameters, Jalangi River, Churni, Anjana, MathabhangaReferences
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