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Bhatt, P. A.
- Toxicogenomics: A Review
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1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana- 384001, IN
2 L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, IN
1 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Sri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana- 384001, IN
2 L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 2 (2010), Pagination: 131-140Abstract
Toxicogenomics is a rapidly developing discipline that promises to aid scientists in understanding the molecular and cellular effects of chemicals in biological systems. This field encompasses global assessment of biological effects using technologies such as DNA microarrays or high throughput NMR and protein expression analysis.
Toxicogemomics is the evolving science which measures the global gene expression changes in biological samples exposed to toxic agents and investigates the complex interaction between the genetic variability and environmental exposures on toxicological effects. DNA microarrays have become most popular and important method to measure the expression of mRNA level offering great potential for environmental or toxicological studies. Gene expression changes can possibly provide more sensitive, immediate, comprehensive maker of toxicity than typical toxicological endpoints such as morphological changes, carcinogenicity, and reproductive toxicity. In this regards, toxicogenomics includes genomicscale mRNA expression (transcriptomics), cell and tissue-wide protein expression (proteomics), metabolite profiling (metabonomics), and bioinformatics. These studies can be grouped as ''-omics'' study, which could be applied to various kinds of samples and species.
Keywords
Toxicogenomics, Microarray, Proteomics.
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- Evaluation of Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity of Classical Ayurvedic Formulation Punarnavashtak Kwath against Paracetamol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
Abstract Views :337 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 APMC College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Himatnagar-380001, Gujarat, IN
2 L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat, IN
1 APMC College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Himatnagar-380001, Gujarat, IN
2 L.M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 2, No 4 (2010), Pagination: 283-288Abstract
Objective: Punarnavashtak (PN) kwath a classical Ayurvedic formulation mentioned in Ayurvedic literature "Bhaishyajyaratnavali" for hepatic disorders and asthma. The present study investigated the hepatoprotective activity of PN kwath to validate the traditional use of this formulation.Materials and methods: PN kwath was prepared in the laboratory according to the method given in Ayurvedic literature. Preliminary phytochemical screening was performed to determine the presence of phytoconstituents. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity was evaluated against paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats.
Results: Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins and bitter principal in PN kwath. Administration of PN kwath produced significant hepatoprotective effect as demonstrated by decrease level of serum liver marker enzymes like AST, ALT, ALP, SBRN and increase protein level. It also showed antioxidant activity by increase in activity of GSH, SOD, CAT and decrease in TBARS level compare to paracetamol treated group. A comparative histopathological study of liver exhibited almost normal architecture, as compared to paracetamol treated group.
Discussion and Conclusion: It can be concluded that PN kwath protects hepatocyte from paracetamol-induced liver damages due to its antioxidant effect on hepatocytes.
Keywords
Punarnavashtak Kwath, Hepatoprotective, Antioxidant, Paracetamol.References
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- Physiological Activity of Phosphodiesterase
Abstract Views :249 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana-384002, Gujarat, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat, IN
1 Department of Pharmacology, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana-384002, Gujarat, IN
2 Department of Pharmacology, L.M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad-380009, Gujarat, IN
Source
Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics, Vol 3, No 5 (2011), Pagination: 223-233Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are enzymes that regulate the cellular levels of the second messengers, cAMP and cGMP, by controlling their rates of degradation. There are 11 different PDE families, with each family typically having several different isoforms and splice variants. These unique PDEs differ in their three-dimensional structure, kinetic properties, modes of regulation, intracellular localization, cellular expression, and inhibitor sensitivities. Current literature suggests that individual isozymes modulate distinct regulatory pathways in the cell. These properties therefore offer the opportunity for selectively targeting specific PDEs for treatment of specific disease states. The clinical and commercial success of drugs like vinpocetine, nicardipine, cilostamide, milrinone, Cilostazol, rolipram, cilomilast, roflumilast, sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, zaprinast, dipyridamole, papaverine have increased interest from pharmaceutical companies and academic researchers to further explore the hidden activities of phosphodiesterase activity and development of specific inhibitors of phosphodiesterase enzymes. PDE inhibitors are currently available or in development for treatment of a variety of disease conditions like depression, neurological functioning, Alzheimer's disease, parkinsonism, schizophrenia, asthma, COPD, allergic rhinitis, psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory disease, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary arterial hypertension. Thus PDEs serve as better drug target and current research advancements make them essential for the field of PDE research to develop more specific inhibitors at the level of different PDE sub-families and isoforms to overcome adverse effects nausea, headache, emesis, dizziness, flushing, dyspepsia, nasal congestion or rhinitis, vasodilation which are impediment for clinical approval.References
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