Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics

Deepali Gharge ¹, Sunil Bavaskar ¹, Todkar Pavan ¹, Pandurang Dhabale ¹

Affiliations
1 Government College of Pharmacy, Karad, Tal. - Karad, Dist. - Satara, 415124, State - Maharashtra, IN

Abstract

To increase the drug response, the pharmacogenomics applicable in pharmacotherapy by studying genomic level of the human being pharmacogenomics examine the role of entire genome in both disease susceptibility and drug response; in an attempt to identify specific genes, human genetic variation RNA and protein expression differences, that are associated with specific diseases and that may be targets for new drugs. Pharmacogenomics show ability to explore not only drug metabolizing polymorphisms but also drug target polymorphism, drug transporter polymorphisms.

 

Many factors influence drug responses including age, gender, body weight, patient health, disease status, diet, smoking, alcohol, and exercise and drug interaction. However despite careful consideration of these factors, there is no guarantee that a given treatment will be effective. It is thought that a major cause for variability in drug responses lies in patient's genetic makeup. Genetic variations can be used to explain inter individual differences in drug response.

 

Pharmacogenomics is the study of how individual's genetic inheritance affects the body's response to drugs. The term comes from the words pharmacology and genomics and is thus the intersection of pharmaceuticals and genetics.

 

Pharmacogenomics holds the promise that drugs might one day be tailor-made for individuals and adapted to each person's own genetic makeup. Environment, diet, age, lifestyle, and state of health all can influence a person's response to medicines, but understanding an individual's genetic makeup to be the key to creating personalized drugs with greater efficacy and safety.

Keywords

Pharmacogenomics, Individual's Genetic Inheritance, Genome, Personalized Drugs.

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Pallavi Salve ¹, Rupali Kirtawade ², Deepali Gharge ², Pandurang Dhabale ², Kishor Burade ²

Affiliations
1 Government College of Pharmacy, Karad, Dist -Satara-415124, M.S., IN
2 Govt. College of Pharmacy, Karad, IN

Abstract

Scientists are very interested in proteomics because it gives a much better understanding of an organism than genomics. First, the level of transcription of a gene gives only a rough estimate of its level of expression into a protein. Whole Genome Sequence gives complete proteins contain, but does not show how proteins function or biological processes occur. Proteomics gives large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions. Proteomics is a term in the study of genetics which refers to all the proteins expressed by a genome; proteomics involves the identification of proteins in the body and the determination of their role in physiological and pathphysiological functions. The term "proteomics" was coined to make an analogy with genomics, the study of the genes. The word "proteome" is a blend of "protein" and "genome". Proteomics technologies are of major three types Expression Proteomics, Structural Proteomics, Functional Proteomics. Proteomics is applied in various fields like Tumor Metastasis, renal disease diagnosis, Neurology etc. But proteomic technologies hold great promise in the search for clinically useful protein biomarkers for the early detection, diagnosis and prognosis of cancer and for monitoring response to therapy.

Keywords

Proteomics, Genomics, Genome, Proteome.

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Rupali Kirtawade ¹, Pallavi Salve ¹, Chhotaram Seervi ¹, Anita Kulkarni ¹, Pandurang Dhabale ¹

Affiliations
1 Govt. College of Pharmacy, Karad Dist. Satara-415124, M.S., IN

Abstract

Biomarkers are referred to every means of tools for quantifiable measurements of biological homeostasis, which distinguish what is abnormal from normal. In other words any accessible, quantifiable signal that informs about the state of health for biological system. This is a broad definition that encompasses a range of measurements - physical, biochemical and even questionnaires. Also it gives measure changes occur in blood, serum, plasma, enzyme, body fluid and any normal constituent in body, which indicates the disease condition.

Biomarkers also play a very important role in identification of cerebrovascular diseases like Alzheimer's, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Pulmonary Hypertension, lung cancer, Thyroid cancer etc. Whatever the measurement, a good biomarker should possess specific characteristics and be subject to robust statistical analysis. The focus of this review will inform us the potential value of Biomarker in all above said. A biochemical test that indicates the presence of subclinical disease would allow early intervention and possibly a better chance of altering the course of the disease. Although there have been considerable advances, many areas of drug development still require kinetic biomarkers. In principle, biomarker can be developed for any system in which the rate of synthesis or degradation of a protein, lipid, carbohydrate, ribonucleotide or cell is desired. We emphasized on many target pathways of interest to pharmaceutical research and noted the potential for applying stable biomarkers.

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