Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics

Purnendu Panda ¹, A. K. Meena ¹, M. M. Rao ¹, R. Sannd ¹, Govind Reddy ², M. M. Padhi ³, Ramesh Babu ³

Affiliations
1 National Institute of Ayurvedic Pharmaceutical Research, Patiala-147001, Punjab, IN
2 Raja Ramdeo Anandilal Podar Ayurveda Cancer Research Institute, Mumbai, IN
3 Central Council for Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, Janakpuri, Delhi-110058, IN

Abstract

Singhanada guggulu and Vatari guggulu are well known Ayurvedic Guggulu formulations which have been used since 11^th century AD. for the treatment of disease Amavata (Rheumatoid Arthritis). Both the trial drugs are contain same ingredients i.e triphala, guggulu, gandhaka and eranda taila, but their method of preparations are different. To evaluate the anti inflammatory activity of the trial drugs the animal experiment has carried out by Carrageenin induced hind paw oedema test. The trial drug Singhanada guggulu found significant suppression while Vatari guggulu produced only weak suppression in paw oedema of experimental animals.

Keywords

Guggulu, Ayurvedic, Anti Inflammatory, Carrageenin, Arthritis.

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Purnendu Panda ¹, Banamali Das ¹, D. S. Sahu ¹, S. K. Meher ¹, B. K. Das ¹, G. C. Nanda ¹

Affiliations
1 National Research Institute of Ayurvedic Drug Development, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IN

Abstract

Traditional medicines were originally used with vast knowledge about the pharmacological activity of numerous plants. Vitex negundo (Nirgundi) is one of the very useful plant in Indian System of medicine. It is a large aromatic shrub distributed throughout India. This species is globally distributed in Indo-Malaysia, cultivated in America, Europe, Asia and West Indies. The plant has also been extensively used in traditional medicine. It has been used for the different diseases like cephalgia, otalgia, arthritis, colic, rheumatism, skin diseases, urinary disorders, wounds, ulcers, Bronchitis, malaria fever, epilepsy, haemorrhoids, dysmenorrhoea as one of the effective medicine. In modern medicine it has also reported to posses potent pharmacological properties like anti-inflammatory, anti-rheumatic, antibiotic, Hepatoprotective, antioxidant, anticonvulsant, oxidative stress, anti-androgen, snake venom neutralization and anti-allergic activities. This review gives a bird's eye view mainly on the pharmacognistic characteristics, Traditional uses, and pharmacological actions of Vitex negundo Linn.

Keywords

Vitex negundo Linn., Anti-Inflammatory, Ayurveda , Pharmacological Evidence.

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Sudhanshu Kumar Meher ¹, Banmali Das ¹, Purnendu Panda ¹, G. C. Bhuyan ¹, M. M. Rao ¹

Affiliations
1 National Research Institute of Ayurvedic Drug Development, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IN

Abstract

Withania somnifera (Linn) Dunal commonly known as Ashwagandha belongs to the family Solanaceae (nightshade family) which has got 1250 species widely distributed in the warmer parts of the world. The genus Withania is reported to have 23 species and out of which Withania somnifera (Linn) Dunal and Withania coagulans Dunal are of high medicinal value. Various preparations and forms of Withania somnifera (Linn) Dunal (Ashwagandha) i.e. powder, decoction, oil, smoke, poultice etc. have been advised for the cure of various disorders such as skin disorders, nervous disorders, intestinal affections, venereal diseases, rheumatism, emaciation of children and as a tonic for all kinds of weakness and in geriatrics. It also promotes vigor and stamina and is regarded as aphrodisiac and rejuvenator. The plant is usually erect, branched, unarmed shrub, up to 1.25 meters height and grows throughout the drier parts and sub-tropical India. Mainly cultivated in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan and it has huge internal consumption in India and also being exported. It is prone to several pests and diseases which need to be take care during cultivation. Withaferin A and Withanolide D are two main withanolides contribute to the most of biological actions. It has pharmacological action in almost all systems of the human body. It has also some side effects and contraindication. Number of pharmacological studies have been conducted and a wide range of biological activities have been observed such as anti inflammatory property, hepato-protective activity, infertility activity, anti bacterial activity, psychotropic/anti anxiety activity, anti convulsant activity, skin care activity, healthy hair activity, immune-modulator activity, anti peroxidative action, anti ageing effect, macrophage activating effect, haemopoitic effect, antibiotic activity, antitumour activity, anti-hyperglycemic effect, morphine tolerance and dependence-inhibiting effect, cardio tonic activity, hypo lipidemic, anti-atherogenic activity, positive inotropic activity, hypoglycemic effect, anti-oxidant activity, anti-carcinogenic activity etc. This review presents morphology of the plant, geographical distribution, cultivation and market value, plant pathology, Ayurvedic properties, chemical ingredients, medicinal uses in Ayurveda, side effects and contraindications, pharmacological evidences of Withania somnifera (Linn) Dunal (Ashwagandha).

Keywords

Ashwagandha, Withania somnifera (Linn) Dunal, Ayurveda, Pharmacological Evidences.

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Purnendu Panda ¹, Banamali Das ¹, D. S. Sahu ¹, S. K. Meher ¹, G. C. Bhuyna ¹, B. K. Das ¹, M. M. Rao ¹

Affiliations
1 National Research Institute of Ayurvedic Drug Development, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IN

Abstract

Medicated oil/ghee is one of the important dosage form widely described in Ayurvedic pharmaceutics. Four types of Snehas (Fatty preparation) are described in Ayurvedic literature. These are ghrita, taila, vasa and majja. Among these taila(medicated oil) and ghrita (medicated ghee) are more popular in therapeutic uses. Taila murchhana is the first step of taila prepartation. This process has been adopted for enhancing the potency of oil and to remove the bad odour and amadosa. Researches show that murchana process decreases the acid value and increases saponification value. Reduced acid value indicates less percentage of free fatty acids and increased saponification value indicates higher content of low molecular weight fatty acids. Medicated oils containing low molecular fatty acids are absorbed fast. Fat/Water soluble active principles of drugs are extracted into medicated oil in this method. Medicated Taila are having more therapeutic potency and shelf life than crude Taila. Formulations prepared from the Taila enhance life, complexion, strength and anabolism of body. The water soluble as well as fat soluble active principles can be transformed into Taila media and this addition of properties of material made the Taila potent and effective.

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Purnendu Panda ¹, Banamali Das ¹, D. S. Sahu ¹, S. K. Meher ¹, Bikartana Das ¹, G. C. Bhuyan ², Abhijit Joshi ³, M. M. Rao ¹

Affiliations
1 National Research Institute of Ayurvedic Drug Development, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IN
2 Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Janakpuri, New Delhi, IN
3 Tilak Ayurveda Vidyapeetha, Pune, Maharashtra, IN

Abstract

Rasashastra is a branch of Ayurveda which deals with mainly metals and minerals, their Identification, purification, incineration and therapeutic uses. The number of metals found in nature throughout the world is innumerable. But only a few of them have been recognized to possess medicinal values in Ayurveda. Metals are highly important for our day to life as well as for our health. From the therapeutic point of view metals are used for the maintenance of health and curing of diseases. Different type of metallic bhasma has been used in either single form or compound form for the treatment of various diseases since long period. Ancient alchemists also mentioned detailed characteristics of standard bhasmas, their therapeutic effects and sub standard bhasma with harmful effects in the body. Much attention should be necessary to develop equipment for preparation of bhasma which having therapeutic efficacy, time consuming and cost effective.

Keywords

Ayurveda, Rasashastra, Bhasma and Therapeutic Uses.

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Banamali Das ¹, Purnendu Panda ¹, S. K. Meher ¹, G. C. Bhuyan ², D. S. Sahu ¹, Bikartan Das ¹, G. D. Nagalakshmi ³, M. M. Rao ¹

Affiliations
1 National Research Institute of Ayurveda for Drug Development, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751003, IN
2 Central Council of Research in Ayurvedic Sciences, Head Quarter, Janakpuri, New Delhi-110058, IN
3 Dr. N.R.S. Govt. Ayuvedic Medical College, Vijayawada-520002, IN

Abstract

Beauty is divine gift to human beings. Its value has been recognized and appreciated since time immemorial and efforts were made to preserve and promote beauty in all aspects. A person usually gets respect by virtue of his knowledge by physical appearance by speech by costume and by wealth. It is a subject of Socio-medical importance, which has been accepted since time immemorial. Along with increased demand of beautification, the problems are also increasing which cause damage to Beauty or Personality due to changed life style and polluted atmosphere. The concept of beauty and cosmetics is as old as human civilization. In Ayurveda the concept of beauty has an age old origin. According to Ayurveda healthy skin is a result of overall health condition of individuals and prescribes numerous skin care treatment that needs to be pursued at every stage of life.

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Purnendu Panda ¹, Banamali Das ¹, D. S. Sahu ¹, S. K. Meher ¹, B. K. Das ¹, M. M. Rao ¹, G. D. Naga Lakshmi ²

Affiliations
1 National Research Institute of Ayurvedic Drug Development, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IN
2 Dr. NRS Govt. Ayurvedic College, Vijayawada, IN

Abstract

Herbal drugs constitute a major share of all the officially recognised systems of health in India viz. Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy. More than 70% of India's 1.1 billion populations still use these drugs. Calotropis procera Linn. is one of the herb mentioned in all ancient scripts of Ayurveda. It is known as Arka in Ayurveda. Botanical texts of Ayurveda like Dhanwantari Nighantu, Madana pala Nighantu and Bhavaprakash have mentioned details about the plant. The various parts of the plant are being used in various traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of variety of ailments like in worms infestation, strangury and ulcer etc. The ischolar_main bark has been used for cutaneous disease, intestinal worm, cough, ascites and anasarca. The ischolar_main powered is useful in bronchitis, dyspepsia, gastroenteritis, dysentery, piles, boils, scrotal enlargement, filariasis, and cancer. Considerable efforts have been made by researchers to verify its utility through scientific pharmacological screenings. Pharmacological studies have shown that Calotropis procera Linn. possesses a wide range of biological activities such as anti-diabetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-oxidant, anthelmintic, anti-candidial, wound healing, anti-convulsant, anti-tumor, anti-asthmatic, hepatoprotective and cytotoxic. This reviews presents pharmacognostical, pharmacological and uses of Calotropis procera Linn. in Ayurveda.

Keywords

Calotropis procera (Arka), Ayurveda, Pharmacological Action.

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Sanjib Kumar Das ¹, Anuradha Das ², Banamali Das ¹, Purnendu Panda ¹, G. C. Bhuyan ¹, Bipin Bihari Khuntia ²

Affiliations
1 Central Ayurveda Research Institute for Hepatobiliary Disorders, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IN
2 Gopabandhu Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya, Puri, Odisha, IN

Abstract

Emblica officinalis (syn. Phyllanthus emblica L.) is commonly known as Indian gooseberry. It has been extensively used & popularized because of its therapeutic properties having vitamin C, minerals and amino acids. The plant is used for medicinal purposes. The fruit apart from all parts of Emblica officinalis has been in nait in Ayurveda as a potent rejuvenator since days long. Various pharmaceutical properties of Emblica officinalis has been evinced previously embodying anti-oxidant, Immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, antitumor and antiulcerogenic activities either in combined formulation or Emblica officinalis proper. It is our expeditious exigencyto delve into the medicinal values of Emblica officinalis at molecular level with the succor of techniques of biotechnology though Research in medicinal plants has gained much more momentum.

Keywords

Amalaki, Gooseberry, Emblica officinalis, Pharmacological Activities, Hepatoprotective, Immunomodulatory, Antiulcerogenic.

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Purnendu Panda ¹, Indu. S ¹, Banamali Das ¹, G.C. Bhuyan ¹, M.M. Rao ¹

Affiliations
1 Central Ayurveda Resecarch Institute, Bhubaneswar, Odisha., IN

Abstract

The concepts of drug dosing and route of administration of drugs play a vital role in the biological efficacy of drugs. The selection of proper dosage forms and frequency of drug administration are essential for acquiring desired biological effects of drugs. In Ayurveda, the term Kalpana resembles various dosage forms, i.e., liquid, semisolid, and solid. Kalka, Vati, Bhasma, Asava/ Arishta, Kwatha, Churna, etc., are various dosage forms utilized in Ayurveda therapies mainly for internal administration of drugs. Asava and Arista, two important Ayurvedic formulations, have been used for more than 3000 years for the treatment of various diseases. They are effective, palatable, stable, and most importantly, they have no side effects. Arishtas and asavas are selfgenerated herbal fermentations of traditional Ayurvedic system. They are alcoholic medicaments prepared by allowing the herbal juices or their decoctions to undergo fermentation with added sugars. Arishtas are made with decoctions of herbs in boiling water. Asavas are prepared by fermentation of fresh herbal juices. The formulation prepared by fermentation of decoction is called arishtas, while that prepared without fermentative preparation without decoction is called Asava. Acharya Sarangadhara described the preparation and properties of different Asava and Arista. Baisajyaratnavali, also known as Ayurveda's therapeutic index, mentioned more than 40 Asava and Arista preparations for treating various diseases. This paper aims to document the available information about the different Asava and Arista with their therapeutic applications.

Keywords

Ayurveda, Bhaisajya Kalpana, Sandhana kalpana, Asava, Arista.

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