Research Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacodynamics

Jhakeshwar Prasad ¹, Ashish Kumar Netam ¹, Mahendra Kumar Sahu ¹, Trilochan Satapathy ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Tekari, Near Vidhansabha, Raipur -493111Dist- Raipur (C.G.), IN

Abstract

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are potentially mortifying complications in need of multidisciplinary endeavour. Imbalance of harmony in glucose homeostasis causes hyperglycemic status which in turn leads to activation of certain metabolic pathways subsequently that lead to development of vascular insufficiency, nerve damages headed by ulceration in lower extremity due to plantar pressures and foot deformity. The standard of care for DFUs consists of several conventional treatments such as, daily wound care dressings, off loading, infection control, glucose control and adequate Perfusion etc. Still the reported healing rate varied between 20.0% and 46.2%.So some newly invented therapies such as negative pressure therapy, topical therapies, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, growth factors, and other antibiotic therapies took upper hand over the conventionally used medications for the treatment of diabetic foot infections. These new therapies also bring about new opportunities for DFU patients. In this review our efforts have been devoted to summarize the various treatments available along with possible mechanism of action for the effective treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.

Keywords

Diabetic Foot Infections, Diagnosis, Becaplermin, PDGF, Antibiotic Therapy.

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Hemlata Dewangan ¹, Jhakeshwar Prasad ¹, Trilochan Satapathy ¹

Affiliations
1 Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Tekari, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, Pin-493111, IN

Abstract

Imbalances in normal regulation of food intake can cause obesity and related disorders. Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) share considerable amino acid sequence homology act as a robust anorexigenic hormone effectively modulates food intake and energy homeostasis, thus potentially aiding anti-obesity therapeutics. They are found in widely disparate locations, including the pancreas (PP), the distal gut (PYY), and the central nervous system (NPY). Intra-gastric and intra-intestinal infusion of nutrients stimulate PP secretion from the gastrointestinal tract, in turn that causes vagal stimulation and exerts complex actions via the neuropeptide Y4 receptor (Family of G-protein coupled Receptors) in arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, there by subsequently activating key hypothalamic nuclei and dorsal vagal complex of the brainstem to influence energy homeostasis and body composition. In this review our efforts have been devoted to summarize the detail about the pancreatic polypeptide their functions and mechanisms.

Keywords

Pancreatic Polypeptide, Anorexigenic Hormone, Vagal Stimulation, Obesity.

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Jhakeshwar Prasad ¹, Hemlata Dewangan ¹, Trilochan Satapathy ¹

Affiliations
1 Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Tekari, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, Pin-493111, IN

Abstract

Cellular signaling plays an important role in alteration of cellular physiology and initiation of pharmacological response. Cells usually communicate with each other through extracellular messenger molecules called ligand which can travel a short distance and stimulate cells with the release of second messenger molecule by a cell that is engaged in sending messages to the downward in same cell or to the other cells in the body. Cells can only respond to a particular extracellular message if they express receptors for that ligand specifically recognize and bind that messenger molecule and the interaction between the ligand and receptor induces a conformational change in the receptor that causes the signal to be relayed across the membrane to the receptor’s cytoplasmic domain. A signaling pathway is activated by a diffusible second messenger and another in which a signaling pathway is activated by recruitment of proteins to the plasma membrane. Most signal transduction pathways involve a combination of these mechanisms. In this review we have tried to elaborate diagrammatically the details about the various pathways responsible for signaling for easy understanding for the future research.

Keywords

Ligand, Receptors, Signaling, Second Messenger, Pharmacological Response.

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Vandna Dewangan ¹, Ram Kumar Sahu ¹, Trilochan Satapathy ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacology, Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Near Vidhansabha, Village Tekari, Raipur, (C.G.) 493111, IN

Abstract

The direct reporting of adverse drug reactions by patients is becoming an increasingly important topic for discussion in the hospital of Pharmacovigilance. Voluntary adverse drug reaction (ADR) reporting is fundamental to medical drug safety surveillance; however, substantial under-reporting exists and is the main limitation of the system. At this time, hospital accepts consumer reports. The World Health Organization estimates that in 2005 and as well as 2019-2021 pneumococcal infections were responsible for the death of 1.6 million human worldwide. Pneumonia, the lungs become filled with fluid and inflamed, leading to breathing difficulties. For some people, breathing problems can become severe enough to require treatment at the hospital with oxygen or even a ventilator. The pneumonia that COVID-19 causes tends to take hold in both lungs. Moxifloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, is used for the treatment of respiratory tract, pelvic inflammatory disease, skin, and intra-abdominal infections. Its safety profile is considered favorable in most reviews but has been challenged with respect to rare but potentially fatal toxicities. The most common adverse drug reaction (ADR) constipation is nausea, vomiting, fatigue, alopecia, drowsiness, myelosuppression, skin reactions, anorexia, mucositis, diarrhoea and Medicines that have been particularly implicated in adverse drug reaction-related hospital admissions include anti-platelets, anticoagulants, cytotoxics, immunosuppressant’s, diuretics, anti-diabetics and antibiotics.

Keywords

Moxifloxacin, pneumonia, adverse drug reactions, antibiotic, Fungi, intra-abdominal infections, acute bacterial sinusitis, Fatigue, serious cutaneous reactions, inflammation, adverse event, difficulty breathing.

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