SMU Medical Journal

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Antibacterial Activity of Anacardium occidentale Leaf Extracts on Some Microorganisms Associated with Dental Plaque


Affiliations
1 Department of Microbiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria
2 Department of Microbiology, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515 Ilorin, Nigeria
3 Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, P.M.B. 1601, Adewole Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
 

Dental plaque has become a major problem in Africa and the world and current antibiotics has almost become ineffective for its treatment. Hence there is a need to find alternative ways of treatment for dental plaque. Anacardium occidentale is used for this purpose in many parts of Africa. Bacteria were isolated from dental plaque and identified using morphological and biochemical characteristics of the isolates. The study of the activity of Anacardium occidentale leaf extracts dissolved in four solvents (Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, Dichloromethane, Hexane) on some bacteria isolated from patients with dental plaque were investigated using the agar well diffusion and the broth dilution method. The bacteria isolated were Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Serratia marcescens, Neisseria sicca, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium matruchotii. The results obtained showed that the ethanolic extracts had the highest antibacterial activity on the test bacteria with zones of inhibition ranging from 2.0mm to 13.0mm, and a minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 5mg/ml to 10mg/ml. The dichloromethane extracts had the lowest activity with a zone of inhibition ranging from 1.0mm to 4.0mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 10mg/ml-20mg/ml while they had no activity on some of the test bacteria. Anacardium occidentale leaf can act as a good alternative to standard drugs as a treatment for dental plaque and other infections caused by these bacteria.

Keywords

Anacardium occidentale, MIC, MBC, Morphology, Biochemical, Isolates.
User
Notifications
Font Size

  • Farombi EO.(2003).African indigenous plants with chemotherapeutic potentials and biotechnological approach to the production of bioactive prophylactic agents. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2, 662-671.

  • Veeresham C.(2012).Natural products derived from plants as a source of drugs. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 3(4), 200-10.

  • Kamali HH EL andAmir MYEL. (2010). Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Ethanolic Extracts Obtained from Selected Sudanese Medicinal Plants. Current ResearchJournal of Biological Sciences. 2(2), 143-146.

  • Lalitha P, Arathi Ka, Shubashini K, Sripathi, Hemalatha, S and Jayanthi P. (2010).Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Screening of an Ornamental Foliage Plant, Pothosaurea(Linden ex Andre).An International Journal of Chemistry. 1(2), 63-71.

  • Hussain H, Badawy A, Elshazly A, Elsayed A, Krohn K, Riaz M and Schulz, B. (2011). Chemical Constituents and Antimicrobial Activity of Salix subserrata.Rec. Natural Products. 5(2), 133-137.

  • Ahmad I and Beg ZA. (2001). Antimicrobial and phytochemical studies of 45 Indian medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant human pathogens. Journal Ethnopharm. 74, 113-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00335-4.

  • Service RF. (1995).Antibiotics that resist resistance. Sci. 270, 824-727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5237.724 .

  • Jagadish LA,Kumar VK and Kaviyarasam V. (2009). Effect of Triphala on Dental Bio-film. Indian Journal of Science Technology. 2(1): 30-33.

  • Atata, RF and Sani, H (2003). Effects of stem bark extracts of Enantia chloranthaon some clinical isolates Biokemistri. 15, 84-92.

  • Olafimihan GA. (2004) Effects of seasonal variation on the antibacterial activity of aqueous extract of Azadirachtaindicafresh stem bark. Bioscience Research Communications, 16(1), 13-16.

  • Yusuf S, Aliyu M and Ndanosa R. (2009). Effect of aqueous extract of Anarcardium occidentale (L) stem bark on sodium and chloride transport in the rabbit colon. Journal ofMedicinal Plants Research. 3(6), 493-497.

  • Arekemase MO, Oyeyiola GP and Aliyu MB. (2011). Antibacterial Activity of Anacardium occidentale on some enterotoxin producing bacteria. Inter. Journal Biol. 3(4), 92-99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v3n4p92 .

  • Venkataramah TM. (1976).Cashew nut production and processing–Nigeria agronomic aspect of cashew nut production. Unpublished paper submitted to CRIN. p. 39.

  • Togun A. (1977). A review of the prospect of cashew industry, p .39.

  • Ohler JG. (1979).Cashew. (KoninklijkInstituutVoo de Tropen:Amsterdam, Netherlands). p. 260.

  • BilcalhoB. (2001).Volatile compounds of cashew apple (Anarcardium occidentaleL.). Z.Naturforsch, 56(1-2), 35-39.

  • Akinpelu DA. (2001). Antimicrobial activity of Anarcardium occidentale bark. In Fitoterapia, 72 (3), 286-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0367-326x(00)00310-5 .

  • Adeleye IA and Ogunwale OO. (2004). Isolation and antibiotic susceptibility of aerobic bacterial pathogen associated with wound infections in Lagos. Bioscience Reseasrch Communication. 16, 1-5.

  • Kolenbrander PE, Palmer Jr RJ, Rickard AH, Jakubovics NS, Chalmers NI, and Diaz PI (2006).Bacterial interactions and successions during plaque development.Periodontol 2000., 42,47-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0757.2006.00187.x.

  • RobertsAP, Cheah G, Ready D, Pratten J, Wilson M and Mullany P. (2001).Transfer of TN916-like elements in microcosm dental plaques. Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy. 45, 2943-2946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.45.10.2943-2946.2001.

  • Marsh PD. (2004)."Dental Plaque as a Microbial Biofilm. "Caries Research. 38,204-211.http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000077756.

  • Marsh PD. (2006)."Dental plaque as a biofilm and a microbial community implications for health and disease."BMC Oral Health. 6(Suppl 1), S14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1472-6831-6-s1-s14.

  • Overman PR. (2000). "Biofilm: A New View of Plaque."The Journal of ContemporaryDental Practice. 1(3), 018.paper submitted to CRIN. p. 39.

  • Sbordone Land Bortolaia C. (2003)."Oral microbial biofilms and plaque-related diseases: microbial communities and their role in the shift from oral health to disease."Clinical OralInvestigations. 7,181-188.http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00784-003-0236-1.

  • Cheesbrough M. (2000).District laboratory practice in tropical Countries.Part 2.Cambridge University Press.P.143-154.

  • Ncube N, Afolayan A and Okoh A. (2008). Assessment techniques of antimicrobial properties of natural compounds of plant origin: current methods and future trends. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(12), 1797-1806.

  • Jams AD. (1987). Handbook of Medicinal Herbs. Macmillan Publishers. Ibadan, pp 40-48.

  • Akinpelu DA and Kolawole DO.(2004).Phytochemistry and antimicrobial activity of Piliostigmathonningii1 (Schum). Science Focus, 7, 64-70.

  • Adegboyega MF, Akinpelu DA and Okoh AI.(2008).The bioactive and phytochemical properties of G. kola (hackle) seed extract on some pathogens. African Journal of Biotechnology,7(21), 3934-3938.

  • Martina L, Mohan A, Narayanan A, Sundaram M, Ebenezar A and Ghani M. (2013).An in vitro comparative antibacterial study of different concentrations of green tea extracts and 2% chlorhexidine on Enterococcus faecalis. Saudi Endodontic Journal, 3(3),120.

  • Purkayastha S and DahiyaP. (2012).Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant bacteria from clinical isolates. Indian Journalof Pharmaceutical Sciences. 74(5), 443.

  • Akinjogunla OJ, Ekoi OH and OdeyemiAT. (2011). Phytochemical screening and in-vitro antibacterial assessment of aqueous leaf extracts of Vernonia amygdalina (Asteraceae) and Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae) on moxifloxacin resistant E. coli isolated from clinical and environmental samples.Natural Science. 9(7), 42-52.

  • Banso A and Adeyemo SO.(2007).Evaluation of antimicrobial properties of tannins isolated from Dichrostachyscinerea. African Journal of Biotechnology., 6(15), 1785-87.

  • Ali MA, Alam NM, YeasminS, Khan AM and SayeedMA. (2007).Antimicrobial screening of different extracts of Piper longum. Linn. Res. J. Agriculture. Biological Science.3 (60), 852-857.


Abstract Views: 517

PDF Views: 161




  • Antibacterial Activity of Anacardium occidentale Leaf Extracts on Some Microorganisms Associated with Dental Plaque

Abstract Views: 517  |  PDF Views: 161

Authors

I. B. Onajobi
Department of Microbiology, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria
A. I. Adam
Department of Microbiology, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515 Ilorin, Nigeria
S. A. Adeyemi
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, P.M.B. 1601, Adewole Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
A. B. Agbaje
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin, P.M.B. 1601, Adewole Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria

Abstract


Dental plaque has become a major problem in Africa and the world and current antibiotics has almost become ineffective for its treatment. Hence there is a need to find alternative ways of treatment for dental plaque. Anacardium occidentale is used for this purpose in many parts of Africa. Bacteria were isolated from dental plaque and identified using morphological and biochemical characteristics of the isolates. The study of the activity of Anacardium occidentale leaf extracts dissolved in four solvents (Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, Dichloromethane, Hexane) on some bacteria isolated from patients with dental plaque were investigated using the agar well diffusion and the broth dilution method. The bacteria isolated were Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Serratia marcescens, Neisseria sicca, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium matruchotii. The results obtained showed that the ethanolic extracts had the highest antibacterial activity on the test bacteria with zones of inhibition ranging from 2.0mm to 13.0mm, and a minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 5mg/ml to 10mg/ml. The dichloromethane extracts had the lowest activity with a zone of inhibition ranging from 1.0mm to 4.0mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 10mg/ml-20mg/ml while they had no activity on some of the test bacteria. Anacardium occidentale leaf can act as a good alternative to standard drugs as a treatment for dental plaque and other infections caused by these bacteria.

Keywords


Anacardium occidentale, MIC, MBC, Morphology, Biochemical, Isolates.

References