SMU Medical Journal

Kanak Lata Verma ¹, Rohan Verma ², Madhulika Sharma ¹, R. K. Sarin ¹, A. K. Jaiswal ³

Affiliations
1 Forensic Science Laboratory, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi, IN
2 LabWater Division, Merck Millipore, Bangalore, IN
3 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, IN

Abstract

In the recent times, a lot of molecules have seemed in the world of drugs of abuse. This always seems like an issue when it comes to the sensitive methods for identifying the sub picogram concentrations by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. In This Review, we will be covering the importance of the ultra pure water as one of the most important factors in the several analytical methodologies including Mass Spectrometry. In the current scenario of forensic sciences, we have the limitation to make up for the quick methods and return the reports in time. The reasons can be various from the enough training officials to rugged developed method before samples comes to the lab for testing and how the ultra pure water makes it reproducible and reliable. Weh have seen enough of the technologies came up in last decade in terms of mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography where one can analyse 400 compounds in a run which spans around 10-20minute. But are we sure that our forensic labs are well equipped and well trained to do so. It is equally important to have the right kind of reagent used in sample preparation, mobile phases and solution preparation for standards has to be prepared with the right kind of methodologies. In the current paper a critical overview on the importance of ultrapure water at each step in a analytical method starts from the dissolving the standards, dilutions, tuning of the molecules for mass spectrometer, and so on and also the limitations of not having so in the diverse analytical approaches is provided, with a particular attention to liquid phase separation techniques coupled to high accuracy, high resolution mass spectrometer.

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A. K. Jaiswal ¹, Sunil Kumar ², Jeevanjot Kaur ³, Jasbir Kaur ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi-110029, IN
2 Department of Ocular Biochemistry, Dr. R. P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi- 110029, IN
3 Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab- 144402, IN

Abstract

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, more commonly referred to as 2,4-D, is an Organochlorus poison which is one of the most widely used herbicides. Several instrumental method like Gas liquid chromatography (GLC), High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV-visible Spectrophotometer, etc., are available for the separation and identification of 2,4-D, but most of them are expensive and more time consuming. So, a relatively inexpensive and less time consuming method is presented for the separation of 2,4-D i.e. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC). This method has several advantages over the other methods such as its low cost, fewer chemicals required simultaneous analysis of large and low amount of sample. 2,4-D was extracted from the blood and then it was identified by using 20 solvent systems. The spots developed on the TLC plates were developed using Iodine vapors.

Keywords

2,4-D, Organochloro, TLC, RF , Spraying Reagent Etc.

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A. K. Jaiswal ¹, Raj Kumar ², Anita Yadav ¹, Rajesh Kumar ¹, Tabin Millo ¹, S. K. Gupta ¹

Affiliations
1 Dept. of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, IN
2 Forensic Science Laboratory, Madhuban, Haryana, IN

Abstract

Cyanide is present in two major forms such as sodium cyanide (NaCN) and potassium cyanide (KCN) and is highly toxic. Cyanide is the inhibitor of cytochrome C oxidase. Most hazardous compound is hydrocyanic acid that can be inhaled as gas at ambient room temperature. Oral ingestion of cyanide in liquid and solid form i.e. 200 mg or inhalation of 270 ppm in air causes death within minutes. Cyanide in body fluid can be determined using spectrophotometric techniques which are very time consuming and requires lot of sample pre-treatment. An attempt has been made to develop the new method for determination cyanide in blood using Multi Mode electrode in differential pulse voltammetry. Blood was processed using microwave assisted closed vessel digestion using 35% nitric acid and ultrapure water. The buffer of pH 10.2 was used with a sweep rate of 0.01V/s and pulse amplitude 0.05V by HMDE by standard addition method. The solution was stirred during pre-electrolysis at 0.00 V for purge time of 300 seconds from 0.00V to -0.500V.

Keywords

Cyanide, Voltammetry, Dropping Mercury Electrode, Trace Metal Analyser, Differential Pulse etc.

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