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Tanwir, Farzeen
- Assessment of Knowledge, Attitude and Behavior of Pregnant Women in Pakistan towards Oral Hygiene - a Cross-Sectional Study
Authors
1 Department of Periodontology, Ziauddin University, Karachi, PK
2 Department of Oral Medicine, Ziauddin University, Karachi, PK
Source
SMU Medical Journal, Vol 2, No 2 (2015), Pagination: 50-66Abstract
Studies have shown that there is higher incidence or gingival inflammation in pregnant women than non-pregnant women. At the time of pregnancy, the women is relatively immune compromised, resulting in their higher susceptibility to dental pathology. Periodontal disease is also been associated with risk of adverse pregnancy outcome. Poor oral hygiene condition and less knowledge of oral health care of mother has seen to be directly associated with the new born oral health.The aim of this survey is to assess pregnant women´s oral hygiene status, self-care oral hygiene practice, oral belief and knowledge about oral problems in a low income setting in Pakistan. A cross sectional survey was conducted. Questionnaires were administered in maternal ward waiting area. A questionnaire was designed to assess pregnant women oral health behavior, their believes and knowledge about pregnancy in relation to oral health care. 180 women have participated in this survey. After they completed the questionnaire they undergone oral examination.
The mean age of the participants was 28 years, out of which 50 % were in their third trimester. 77 % of women used tooth brush and 47% of women brushed their teeth twice a day. 49 % of women never went to dentist and only 13 % went to dentist during pregnancy. 88 % of women did not know what is dental plaque but 62 % believed that tooth brush is effective means in reducing mouth debris. Surprisingly 80 % of women did not believe that there exists a causal relationship between pregnancy and oral health. 42 % of women were using betel nut during pregnancy.
On the examination, the mean score of DMF was found to be 3 and 84 % of women were found to have bleeding in their lower incisor. We found an association between monthly income and dental visits, use of betel nut, bleeding and presence of stains, Whereas education was found to be associated with cleaning type use, dental visit and knowledge.
Economical status and educational background are one factor influencing the utilization of dental care during pregnancy. In addition, lack of practice standard and persistent myths on effects of dental care on pregnancy and concern about fetus safety can be one of factor causing pregnant women to avoid treatment and dental checkups. Nevertheless, pregnancy is the best time, when women can be motivated to have healthy changes. For this physicians and obstrecians, should to address women oral problem when they come on regular check up during pregnancy and refer to a dentist.
Keywords
Pregnancy, Oral Hygiene, Dental Care Utilization, Self-Rated Oral Health, Sociodemographic Factors in Pakistan.Full Text
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- Periodontitis:A Chronic Inflammatory Disease Closely Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors
1 Department of Periodontology, Ziauddin University, PK
2 Department of Oral Pathology, Ziauddin University, PK
Source
SMU Medical Journal, Vol 1, No 2 (2014), Pagination: 35-49Abstract
Demonstrated researches have established close association in the pathophysiology between periodontitis (P D) and rheumatoid arthritis (R A). However, PD has purely bacterial etiology where as the etiology regarding RA is still unclear. Evidences have established that bacterial strains are responsible that trigger host for the development of RA. It has also been determined that PD is more severe and frequent in patients with RA which closely indicates association between the two inflammatory conditions.Periodontitis is a chronic tissue destructive condition in which tooth and supporting collagen fibers of the ligament and bones of jaws are broken down mainly by hosts by the reaction of immune inflammatory response. The relationship between periodontitis and other inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis have been dealt with in some studies. Instead of their different etiology, similar mechanism of tissue destruction has been described in this article.Keywords
C-Reactive Proteins, Immune Response, Inflammation, Periodontitis, Rheumatoid Arthritis.Full Text
- Saliva: A Non-Invasive Approach towards Diagnosis
Authors
1 Matrix Dynamics Group, University of Toronto, CA
2 Ziauddin University, Karachi, PK
Source
SMU Medical Journal, Vol 3, No 2 (2016), Pagination: 1-5Abstract
Saliva is a thin substance produced in the mouths of humans and most animals. It is a component of mouth fluid. Saliva is produced by salivary glands: the parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands. Supplementary minor salivary glands also take part in the production of saliva. Human saliva consists of water, mucus, electrolytes, glycoproteins, enzymes, and antibacterial (secretory IgA and lysozyme). Daily production of saliva is 0.75-1.5 litres per day, insignificant salivary flow has been noticed throughout sleep. The saliva has some important functions; it contains enzymes (lipase, amylase or ptyalin) which start the process of digestion of dietary starches and fats.Full Text