Veterinary World

Pankaj Kumar Choudhary ¹, Ajay Kumar Ishwar ², Rajesh Kumar ³, Debasish Niyogi ⁴, Mukesh Kumar ⁵

Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., N.D.U.A.&T., Kumarganj, Faizabad - 224 229, Uttar Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Veterinary Physiology, Ranchi College of Veterinary Science and A.H., Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi - 834 006, Jharkhand, IN
3 Department of Agronomy (A.H.), Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, IN
4 Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., N.D.U.A.&T., Kumarganj, Faizabad - 224 229, Uttar Pradesh, IN
5 Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Science and A.H., N.D.U.A.&T., Kumarganj, Faizabad - 224 229, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of exogenous melatonin under different photoperiods on oxidative status in Chhotanagpuri ewe.

Materials and Methods: A total of 42 non-pregnant, non-lactating Chhotanagpuri ewe, having body weight ranging between 14.11±0.09 and 15.38±0.06 kg, were selected and were isolated from rams 2 months before melatonin administration. The selected animals were allocated randomly into seven groups, namely, Group I (normal control), Group II (long day [LD] control), Group III (LD+melatonin administration orally, 3 mg/day), Group IV (LD+melatonin administration subcutaneously, 1 mg/day), Group V (short day [SD] control), Group VI (SD+melatonin administration orally, 3 mg/day), and Group VII (SD+melatonin administration subcutaneously, 1 mg/day) comprising six animals in each group. Rams were then introduced into each group after completion of exogenous administration of melatonin. Blood samples with anticoagulant in vials were collected from each animal day before the start of the experiment and thereafter every month up to 5th month. Hemolysate was prepared for estimation of oxidative stress parameters such as malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT).

Results: It was observed that the level of MDA was significantly (pst month. MDA concentration after exogenous administration of melatonin was significantly (p<0.05) decreased in Group IV and VI in comparison to 1^st month. SOD was significantly (p<0.05) higher in SD groups (V, VI, and VII) at the 1^st month in comparison to 0 day. After exogenous administration of melatonin, SOD concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Groups III and IV in comparison to 1^st month. CAT was significantly (p<0.05) higher in SD groups (V, VI, and VII) in comparison to control and LD groups. After exogenous administration of melatonin, CAT concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Groups III, IV, VI, and VIII in comparison to Groups I, II, and V. At the 3^rd month, CAT concentration significantly (p<0.05) decreased in Groups III, IV, VI, and VII in comparison to 2^nd month of experiment. However, a decreasing trend of CAT was observed in all the groups from 3^rd to 5^th month.

Conclusion: The present experiment revealed that exogenous melatonin was able to reduce significantly the level of MDA and increased the activity of SOD and CAT in Chhotanagpuri ewe.

Keywords

Catalase, Chhotanagpuri Ewe, Exogenous Melatonin, Malondialdehyde, Photoperiod, Superoxide Dismutase.

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Anjani Saxena ¹, Rajesh Kumar ², Mumtesh Kumar Saxena ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Biochemistry and Physiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, IN
2 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, IN

Abstract

Aim: Typhoid is one of the most important food and water borne disease causing millions of deaths over the world. Presently, there is no cost effective vaccine available in India. The outer-membrane proteins (Omps) of Salmonella have been exhibited as a potential candidate for development of subunit vaccine against typhoid. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of recombinant Omp 28 protein for immunization of rabbit to elucidate its protection against virulent Salmonella Typhi.
Materials and Methods: Immune potential of recombinant Omp28 was tested in New Zealand Rabbits. Rabbits were divided into two groups, i.e., control and test group. Control group was injected with phosphate buffer saline with adjuvant while test group were injected with recombinant Omp28 along with adjuvant. Rabbits were bleed and serum was collected from each rabbit. Serum was tested by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for humoral response. Rabbits were challenged with virulent culture to test the protective immunity.
Results: Humoral response was provoked at 15^th day and maintained till 30^th day. The mean ELISA titer at 15^th day was 1:28000 (mean titer log 10:4.4472) and on the 30^th day was 1:25866 (mean titer log 10:4.4127). Protective immune potential of Omp 28 was assessed by challenge studies in rabbits for which vaccinated and control rabbits were challenged with 10⁹ cells of virulent culture of S. Typhi. In control group, out of six, no rabbit could survive after 48 days while in vaccinated group, three out of six rabbit were survived.
Conclusion: Immunization of rabbit with recombinant Omp 28 induced a strong humoral response which was exhibited by high antibody titer in ELISA. Subsequently, intraperitoneal homologous challenge of the immunized New Zealand rabbit resulted in lack of significant protection. These findings indicate that Omp 28 though provoked the humoral immunity but could not provide the protective immunity in rabbit model.

Keywords

Adjuvant, Outer-Membrane Proteins, Recombinant Protein, Salmonella, Vaccine.

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Ankit Kumar Singh ¹, Rajesh Kumar Sharma ¹, Varsha Sharma ², Tanmay Singh ¹, Rajesh Kumar ³, Dimple Kumari ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur-482001, Madhya Pradesh, IN
2 Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur-482001, Madhya Pradesh, IN
3 Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur-482001, Madhya Pradesh, IN
4 Department of Veterinary Biotechnology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur-482001, Madhya Pradesh, IN

Abstract

Aim: The objective of this study was to isolate endophytic bacteria from Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves, their identification and investigate their antibacterial activity against three Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Bacillus cereus and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Materials and Methods: Fresh leaves of A. indica (neem) was procured from the Department of Botany, JNKVV, Jabalpur. Five samples were taken, and each sample was divided into five subsamples and separated for further isolation of endophytic bacteria. For sterilization leaves were treated with double distilled water, 0.1% sodium hypochlorite, 0.01% bavistin, 0.05% and 70% ethanol. Sterilized leaves of the plants were embedded in Kings B (KB) petri plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Characterization of the bacteria was done according to its morphology and by Gram-staining. After that, a single colony was transferred into brain heart infusion (BHI) broth and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The antibacterial effect was studied by the disk diffusion method with known antibiotic ciprofloxacin (Ci) as standard.
Results: A total of 25 bacterial isolates from A. indica (neem) were obtained and identified morphologically. Most of the samples on KB media depicted irregular shape, flat elevation, undulated, rough, opaque, and white in color. Most of the samples on blood agar showed irregular, raise elevation, undulated, smooth, opaque and all the isolates were nonhemolytic and nonchromogenic. The growth of endophytic bacteria in BHI broth were all isolates showed turbidity. The microscopic examination revealed that maximum isolates were Gram-positive and rod shaped. Good antibacterial activity was observed against S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, E. coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, and K. pneumoniae.
Conclusions: Endophytic bacteria are present in leaves of A. indica (neem) and it possesses antibacterial activity against few Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Keywords

Antibacterial Activity, Azadirachta indica (Neem), Ciprofloxacin, Endophytic Bacteria, Leaves.

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