ANVESHAK-International Journal of Management

Meenakshi Sharma ¹, Anjali Mehra ²

Affiliations
1 Punjab School of Economics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, IN
2 School of Social Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, IN

Abstract

The present study attempts to review the growth of higher education in state of Punjab based on three parameters: number of institutions (including universities, colleges of general education and professional education), enrollment of students in various courses and teachers employed during the period 1990**2014. For an in-depth analysis, average annual growth rate were calculated during the period 19902014, which is further divided into three sub-periods: P₂ (1990**1999), P₃ (2000**2009), P₄ (2010**2014). The results reveal that due to social and political pressure, the higher education system in Punjab, especially, private universities and professional colleges has expanded rapidly during the period 2004**14, but this expansion is without proportionate improvement of essential infrastructure facilities and faculty employment. This affects quality and standard of higher education in the State adversely. The study advocates adoption of effective measures to mobilize financial resources and reassessment of courses offered, so as to ensure better job placements and implementation of public**private partnership for better management of higher education institutes.

Keywords

Punjab, Growth, Universities, Colleges, Professional Colleges.

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Anjali Mehra ¹, Pardeep Kaur ²

Affiliations
1 School of Social Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar – 143005, Punjab, IN
2 Department of Economics, Hindu College, Amritsar – 143001, Punjab, IN

Abstract

BRICS economies have been identified as some of the faster growing economies in the world with an average growth rate of 4.1 percent, which is 2.7 percent higher than the average growth rate of developed countries. Infrastructure not only affects production and consumption directly but also creates number of externalities leading to rapid development. Moreover, there is scarcity of systematic and empirical work related to examining the relationship between economic growth and infrastructure facilities for BRICS nations. The present study attempts to comparatively analyze the relative role of infrastructure facilities in determining the economic development among BRICS. The findings of the study indicate that infrastructure plays a very important role in the growth process of BRICS nations. The results indicate that there is disparity among the nations, both in terms of availability of infrastructure facilities and per capita income. Differences are found in individual performance among the countries in terms of all the basic indicators of development.

Keywords

Development, Economics, Growth, Infrastructure, Rank, BRICS.

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Manpreet Kaur ¹, Anjali Mehra ²

Affiliations
1 Assistant Professor, Punjab School of Economics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar – 143005, Punjab, IN
2 Associate Professor and Head, School of Social Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar – 143005, Punjab, IN

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic underscores the society’s reliance on women both on the frontline and at home while simultaneously exposing structural gender inequalities across every sphere, from health to the economy, security to social protection. Due to the sexual division of labour, and gendered roles and social norms of performing domestic and care work, the burden of unpaid work fell disproportionately on women. This study is an attempt to explore the challenges faced by women during pandemic, focusing on unpaid care work, both direct care such as care giving services to household members and indirect care entailing domestic work within the household. Specifically, the paper attempts to study the gendered impact of lockdown on unpaid work of women on various parameters like marital status, employment status, income levels and average time spent on household activities. The data has been collected for 140 women (both working and non-working) through Google forms questionnaire and telephonic conversations to grasp the impact of lockdown. The results of the study have shown that although the husbands of these women have shared some responsibilities at home, but still the greater burden rests on women’s shoulders. It is observed that, during lockdown, married working women has to suffer the most as doing the office and home work simultaneously exacerbating the already existing gender inequalities.

Keywords

COVID-19, Household Activities, Lockdown, Pandemic, Unpaid Work, Women

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