Indian Journal of Economics and Development

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access

Horizontal and Vertical Inequalities across the Region and Time in Punjab


Affiliations
1 Dept of Economics in PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
 

Objectives: Horizontal Inequalities and Vertical Inequalities are causing violent and conflict in the countries, which are harmful for the development of any country by increasing poverty. Punjab has faced high level of inequality, as it is most educated province of Pakistan. It is important to check the severity of horizontal and vertical inequalities in province of Punjab, Pakistan.

Methods/Statistical Analysis: The secondary data is used in this study. The datasets named as HIES, Household Integrated Economic Survey, published by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics for the year of 2013-14. Gini Coefficient, Theil’T, Theil’L, and Atkinson Indexes are being estimated to check the severity of Inequalities.

Findings: The comparative analysis of HIs and VIs reveals that VIs is more severe in all divisions of Punjab except the case of Multan. The results shows that the HIs are more severe in rural regions and VIs are more severe in urban regions. The severity of VIs is as follows Lahore, Multan, Bahawalpur, D.G. Khan, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Sahiwal, and Gujranwala. Conversely, the severity of HIs is as follows Lahore, Multan, Bahawalpur, D.G. Khan, Sargodha, Sahiwal, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, and Gujranwala. At last, regression analysis shows that all socio economic variables have significant impact on per capita expenditure with the exception of access to health care. These findings especially HIs add new trend in to the literature specifically for the Punjab, Pakistan.

Application/Improvements: These findings help the government to initiate the regional based programs to eradicate HIs and VIs.


Keywords

Horizontal Inequalities, Vertical Inequalities, HIES, Entropy Measures.
User
Notifications

  • Muhammad Ali Asad, Mehboob Ahmad. Growth and consumption inequality in Pakistan.Pakistan Economic and Social Review. 2011; 9(1), 69-89.

  • Muhammad Azam, Safiya Aftab. Inequality and the militant threat in Pakistan. Conflict and Peace Studies.2009; 2(2), 33-46.

  • C. L. Graham, Stefano Pettinato. Happiness and hardship: Opportunity and insecurity in new market economies. Brookings Institution Press: USA. 2001.

  • Alberto Alesina, Roberto Perotti. The political economy of growth: a critical survey of the recent literature. The World Bank Economic Review.1994; 8(3), 351-371.

  • World Bank. World development report 2006: Equity and development. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2005.

  • F. Bourguignon. The World Bank,Ecole des hautes rtudes en sciences. Crime as a social cost of poverty and inequality: a review focusing on developing countries. Facets of Globalization. World Bank Discussion Papers.2001.

  • Frances Stewart, Graham Brown, Luca Mancini. Monitoring and measuring horizontal inequalities. Centre for Research on Inequality, Human Security and Ethnicity, CRISE Working Paper 4. June 2010.

  • P. Collier, V.L.Elliott, Hegre Havard; HoefflerAnke; Reynal-Querol Marta; Sambanis Nicholas. Breaking the conflict trap: Civil war and development policy. World Bank Publications.2003.

  • F. Stewart. Horizontal inequalities: A neglected dimension of development. QEH Working Paper Series – QEHWPS81.2002.

  • F. Stewart. Horizontal inequalities and conflict: Understanding group violence in multiethnic societies. http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/view/10.1057/9780230582729. Date accessed: 2016.

  • Murshed S. Mansoob, Scott Gates.Spatial–horizontal inequality and the maoist insurgency in Nepal. Review of Development Economics.2005; 9(1), 121-134.

  • ArnimLanger. Horizontal inequalities and violent group mobilization in Côte d'Ivoire. Oxford Development Studies. 2005; 33(1), 25-45.

  • Ikram Ali, Armando Barrientos, Abdul Saboor, Atta Ullah Khan, Jazib Nelson. A decade of sub-national pro-poor growth in Pakistan. Social Indicators Research.2016;127(4), 1-19.

  • Nadezhda Nickolaevna Semenova, Svetlana Genadievna Busalova, Olga Ivanovna Eremina, Svetlana Mikhailovna Makeikina, Irina Anatolievna Ivanova. Assessment of sustainable development of rural areas of Russia. Indian Journal of Science and Technology.2016; 9(14), 1-6.

  • Frances Stewart. Power and progress: The swing of the pendulum. Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. 2010; 11(3), 371-395.

  • G. M. Arif, Shujaat Farooq. Dynamics of rural poverty in Pakistan: Evidence from three waves of the panel survey. Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.2012; 53(2), 71-98.

  • Ivo. C. Havinga, F.W. Haanappel, A.S. Louter, W.A. van den Andel. Poverty in Pakistan 1984-1985. The Pakistan Development Review. 1989; 28(4), 851-869.

  • Iftikhar Ahmed Cheema. Revisiting poverty line 2000-01. Centre for Research on Poverty Reduction and Income Distribution (CRPRID), Planning Commission, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad. 2005.

  • Abdul Razzaq Kemal. Structural adjustment, macroeconomic policies, and poverty trends in Pakistan. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.199.7317&rep=rep1&type=pdf.Date accessed:2001.

  • Muhammad AsgharZaidi, Klaas De Vos. Research on Poverty Statistics in Pakistan Some Sensitivity Analyses. The Pakistan Development Review.1993; 32(4) 1171-1186.

  • A. Hussain. Poverty alleviation in Pakistan. Vanguard Books (Pvt.) Ltd: Pakistan. 1994.

  • Ghulam Mohammad Arif. Pakistan poverty assessment update. Poverty, economic growth and inequality: a review of Pakistan’s poverty literature. Background Paper Series 1. 2006.

  • Muhammad Irfan. Poverty and natural resource management in Pakistan. The Pakistan Development Review. 2007; 46(4) 691-708.

  • Abdul Razzaq Kemal. Poverty in Pakistan; Trends and causes, towards, pro-poor growth policies. 7th Annual Fred S. Grodins Graduate Research Symposium USC Davidson Conference Center, March 29th, Symposium.2003.

  • Nadia Zakir, Muhammad Idrees. Trends in inequality, welfare, and growth in Pakistan, 1963-64 to 2004-05.Pakistan Institute of Development Economics. Working Paper No. 53. 2009.

  • H. Jonathan, Shahidur R. Khandker. Handbook on poverty and inequality. The World Bank, Washington, DC. 2009.

  • The Advanced Theory of Statistics. https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.aoms/1177703300. Date accessed: 1964.

  • Anthony Atkinson. On the measurement of inequality. Journal of economic theory.1970;2(3), 244-263.

  • Nicholas Minot, Bob Baulch. Poverty mapping with aggregate census data: what is the loss in precision?. Review of Development Economics. 2005; 9(1), 5-24.


Abstract Views: 240

PDF Views: 132




  • Horizontal and Vertical Inequalities across the Region and Time in Punjab

Abstract Views: 240  |  PDF Views: 132

Authors

Muhammad Waqas Khalid
Dept of Economics in PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Abdul Saboor
Dept of Economics in PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Aadil Hameed Shah
Dept of Economics in PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
Ashar Sultan Kayani
Dept of Economics in PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Abstract


Objectives: Horizontal Inequalities and Vertical Inequalities are causing violent and conflict in the countries, which are harmful for the development of any country by increasing poverty. Punjab has faced high level of inequality, as it is most educated province of Pakistan. It is important to check the severity of horizontal and vertical inequalities in province of Punjab, Pakistan.

Methods/Statistical Analysis: The secondary data is used in this study. The datasets named as HIES, Household Integrated Economic Survey, published by the Pakistan Bureau of Statistics for the year of 2013-14. Gini Coefficient, Theil’T, Theil’L, and Atkinson Indexes are being estimated to check the severity of Inequalities.

Findings: The comparative analysis of HIs and VIs reveals that VIs is more severe in all divisions of Punjab except the case of Multan. The results shows that the HIs are more severe in rural regions and VIs are more severe in urban regions. The severity of VIs is as follows Lahore, Multan, Bahawalpur, D.G. Khan, Rawalpindi, Faisalabad, Sargodha, Sahiwal, and Gujranwala. Conversely, the severity of HIs is as follows Lahore, Multan, Bahawalpur, D.G. Khan, Sargodha, Sahiwal, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, and Gujranwala. At last, regression analysis shows that all socio economic variables have significant impact on per capita expenditure with the exception of access to health care. These findings especially HIs add new trend in to the literature specifically for the Punjab, Pakistan.

Application/Improvements: These findings help the government to initiate the regional based programs to eradicate HIs and VIs.


Keywords


Horizontal Inequalities, Vertical Inequalities, HIES, Entropy Measures.

References