International Journal of Tourism and Travel

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Vulnerabilities of ‘Resilient Tourism’ and Emerging Trajectories : An Indian Perspective


Affiliations
1 National Institute of Watersports, Goa, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


The business of tourism is woven around creating longing consumer experiences through a variously connected chain of divergent spatially fixed tangible and intangible assets. Relentless pursuits of the visitors for novelty and uniqueness drive the business forward with great momentum and enhance its resilience. However, the natural and anthropogenic stressor events push the vulnerabilities of tourism and destinations, often making it very fragile and struggling to withstand the effects of the onslaughts. This paper has been scoped to map the vulnerabilities of tourism in Indian context and to elucidate the perspectives for a resilient tourism. The results suggests that domestic and outbound tourism sectors in India have been seen largely resilient in the 21st Century while FTA’s did face setbacks during the global level disasters. Building resilience is a multi-faceted praxis and its effectiveness demands involvement and integration of key stakeholders at all levels- destination, industry and establishment.

Keywords

Vulnerability, Resilience, Disasters, Economic Recession, Sustainable Tourism, COVID-19.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Adger, W. N., Hughes, T. P., Folke, C., Carpenter, S. R., & Rockström, J. (2005). Social-ecological resilience to coastal disasters. Science (New York, N.Y.), 309(5737), 1036-1039. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1112122

  • Alberts, A., & Baldacchino, G. (2017). Resilience and tourism in islands: Insights from the Caribbean. In R. W. Butler (Ed.), Tourism and Resilience (pp. 150-162). CABI.

  • Asian Development Bank, Japan Bank for International Cooperation, and World Bank. (2005). Sri Lanka 2005 Post-Tsunami Recovery Program: Preliminary Damage and Needs Assessment. Manila: Asian Development Bank. Retrieved from https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/pda-2005-srilanka.pdf

  • Babu., S. S., & Gupta, P. (2010, September). Analyzing the factors responsible for slow-down in tourist arrivals in India. Report. Ministry of Tourism, India, New Delhi.

  • Baker, K., & Coulter, A. (2007). Terrorism and tourism: The vulnerability of beach vendors’ livelihoods in Bali. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(3), 249-266.

  • Barbhuiya, M. R., & Chatterjee, D. (2020). Vulnerability and resilience of the tourism sector in India: Effects of natural disasters and internal conflict. Tourism Management Perspectives, 33(2020), 100616.

  • Becken, S., & Khazai, B. (2017). Resilience, tourism and disasters. In R. W. Butler (Ed.), Tourism and Resilience (pp. 96-102). CAB International.

  • Becken, S., Montesalvo, N., & Whittlesea, E. (2018). Building a resilient tourism industry: Queensland tourism climate change response plan. Brisbane: State of Queensland. Retrieved from https://www.qld.gov. au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0036/68697/building-resilient-tourism-industry-qld-ccr-plan.pdf

  • Blake, A., & Sinclair, M. T. (2003). Tourism crisis management: US response to September-11. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(4), 813-832.

  • Burak, S., Dogan, E., & Gazioglu, C. (2004). Impact of urbanisation and tourism on coastal environment. Ocean and Coastal Management, 47, 515-527.

  • Business Today. (2020, November 6). What COVID-19 pandemic? Goa sees 74% jump in bookings from last month. Retrieved from https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy-politics/story/what-pandemic-goa-sees-jump-in-tourist-arrivals-amid-coronavirus-277994-2020-11-06

  • Calgaro, E., & Lloyd, K. (2008). Sun, sea, sand and tsunami: Examining disaster vulnerability in the tourism community of Khao Lak, Thailand. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 29(3), 288-306. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9493.2008.00335.x

  • Cheer, J. M., & Lew, A. A. (2017). Tourism, resilience and sustainability: Adapting to social, political and economic change. Oxon: Routledge.

  • Cioccio, L., & Michael, E. J. (2007). Hazard or disaster: Tourism management for the inevitable in Northeast Victoria. Tourism Management, 28(1), 1-11

  • Coghlan, A., & Prideaux, B. (2009). Welcome to the wet tropics: The importance of weather in reef tourism resilience. Current Issues in Tourism, 12(2), 89-104. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500802596367

  • Cohen, E. (2008). The tsunami waves and the paradisic cycle: The changing image of the Andaman coastal region of Thailand. Tourism Analysis, 13, 221-232.

  • Dahles, H., & Susilowati, T. P. (2015). Business resilience in times of growth and crisis. Annals of Tourism Research, 51, 34-50. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.01.002

  • Doern, R. (2016). Entrepreneurship and crisis management: The experiences of small businesses during the London 2011 riots. International Small Business Journal, 34(3), 276-302.

  • European Union. (2020). INFORM Report- 2020: Shared evidence for managing crises and disasters. Retrieved from https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/01%20Inform%202020%20ONLINE.pdf

  • Evans, N., & Elphick, S. (2005). Models of crisis management: An evaluation of their value for strategic planning in the international travel industry. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7, 135-150.

  • FICCI. (2020, June.). Travel and tourism: Survive, revive and thrive in times of COVID-19. FICCI- Grand Thornton Report.

  • Global Rescue and World Travel & Tourism Council. (2019, October.). Crisis readiness: Are you prepared and resilient to safeguard your people & destinations? Report.

  • Hall, C. M. (2016). Intervening in academic interventions: Framing social marketing’s potential for successful sustainable tourism behavioural change. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(3), 350-375.

  • Hall, M. C. (2017). Resilience in tourism: Development, theory, and application. In J. Cheer & A. A. Lew (Eds.), Tourism, Resilience and Sustainability (pp. 18-33). Oxon: Routledge.

  • Hall. M. C., Prayag, P., and Amore. A. (2019). Tourism and resilience: Individual, organisational and destination perspectives. Bristol: Channel View Publications.

  • Hay, J., & Becken, S. (2007). Tourism and climate change: Risks and opportunities. Bristol: Channel View Books

  • Herrschner, I., & Honey. P. (2017). Tourism and the psychologically resilient city. In A. A. Lew and J. M. Cheer (Eds.), Tourism Resilience and Adaptation to Environmental Change: Definitions and Frameworks (pp. 218-235). London and New York: Routledge.

  • Holling, C. S. (1996). Engineering resilience versus ecological resilience. In P. Schulze (Ed.), Engineering within Ecological Constraints (pp. 31-44). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

  • Holder, J. S. (1980). Buying time with tourism in the Caribbean. International Journal of Tourism Management, 1(2), 76-83.

  • ILO. (2003). Travel woes, economic down-turn cost millions of jobs in world tourism. Press release, 28 January. Retrieved from https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_007255/lang--en/index.htm

  • IPCC. (2014). Climate change 2014: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: Global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  • Lew, A. A. (2014). Scale, change and resilience in community tourism planning. Tourism Geographies, 16(1), 14-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14616688.2013.864325

  • Lew, A. A., Ng, P. T., Ni, C. C., & Wu, T. C. (2016). Community sustainability and resilience: Similarities, differences and indicators. Tourism Geographies, 18(1), 18-27.

  • Lew, A. A., Wu, T., Ni, C., & Ng, P. T. (2017). Community tourism resilience: Some applications of the scale, change and resilience (SCR) model. In R. Butler (Ed.), Tourism and Resilience (pp. 23-31). Oxfordshire: CABI.

  • Mahon, R., Becken, S., & Rennie, H. (2013). Evaluating the business case for investment in the resilience of the tourism sector of small island developing states. Lincoln University.

  • Mansfeld, Y. (1999). Cycles of war, terror, and peace: Determinants and management of crisis and recovery of the Israeli tourism industry. Journal of Travel Research, 38(1), 30-36.

  • McLeod, M. (2020). Tourism governance, panarchy and resilience in the Bahamas. In S. Rolle, J. Minnis, & I. Bethell-Bennett (Eds.), Tourism Development, Governance and Sustainability in the Bahamas (pp. 103-113). Oxon: Routledge.

  • Lovejoy, T. E. (1994). The quantification of biodiversity: An esoteric quest or a vital component of sustainable development? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 345(1311), 81-87.

  • Meheux, K., & Parker, E. (2006). Tourist sector perceptions of natural hazards in Vanuatu and the ´implications for a small island developing state. Tourism Management, 27(1), 69-85.

  • Mihalic, T. (2020). Conceptualising overtourism: A sustainability approach. Annals of Tourism Research, 84(Sept.), 103025. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.103025

  • Miller, G. A., & Ritchie, B. W. (2003). A farming crisis or a tourism disaster? An analysis of the foot and mouth disease in the UK. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(2), 150-171.

  • Ministry of Tourism. (2020). India - Tourism Statistics at a Glance-2020. New Delhi.

  • NCRMP. (2019). Cyclones & their Impact in India. Retrieved from https://ncrmp.gov.in/cyclones-theirimpact-in-india/

  • NDMI. (2018). Disaster score card for states and union territories of India. Volume-I Report (Draft). Retrieved from https://ndmindia.mha.gov.in/NDMINDIA-CMS/viewsituationImportantLetterPdfDocument-103

  • Orchiston, C., Prayag, G., & Brown, C. (2016). Organizational resilience in the tourism sector. Annals of Tourism Research, 56, 128-163. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.11.002

  • Orchiston, C., & Espiner, S. (2017). Fast and slow resilience in the New Zealand tourism industry. In A. A. Lew & J. M. Cheer (Eds.), Tourism Resilience and Adaptation to Environmental Change: Definitions and Frameworks (pp. 250-266). London and New York: Routledge.

  • Phillips, W. N. (2015). Tourism threats to coral reef resilience at Koh Sak, Pattaya bay. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 13(1), 47-60.

  • Prideaux, B., Laws, E., & Faulkner, B. (2003). Events in Indonesia: Exploring the limits to formal tourism trends forecasting methods in complex crisis situations. Tourism Management, 24, 475-487.

  • Rensel, J. (1993). The Fiji connection: Migrant involvement in the economy of Rotuma. Pacific Viewpoint, 34 (2), 215–240.

  • Richter, L. K., & Waugh, W. L. (1986). Terrorism and tourism as logical companions. Tourism Management, 7(4), 230-238.

  • Rindrasih, E., Witte, P., Spit, P., & Zoomers, A. (2019). Tourism and disasters: Impact of disaster events on tourism development in Indonesia 1998-2016 and structural approach policy responses. Journal of Service Science and Management, 12, 93-115. Retrieved from http://www.scirp.org/journal/jssm

  • Rockefeller Foundation. (2016). Resilience. Retrieved August 2011, from https://www.rockefellerfoundation. org/ourwork/topics/resilience/

  • Scott, D., Hall, C. M., & Gössling, S. (2019). Global tourism vulnerability to climate change. Annals of Tourism Research, 77(July), 49-61.

  • Selya, R. M. (1978). Economic development and a clean environment in Taiwan: Toward resolving the clash. Transition, Quarterly Journal of the Socially and Ecologically Responsible Geographers, 8(4), 1-7.

  • Sharifi, A., & Yamagata, Y. (2016). Urban resilience assessment: Multiple dimensions, criteria, and indicators. In Y. Yamagata & H. Maruyama (Eds.), Urban Resilience. Advanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications Series (pp. 259-277). Springer, Cham. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39812-9_13

  • Sharpley, R. (2005). The tsunami and tourism: A comment. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(4), 344-349.

  • Tarlow, P. E. (2009, September). How the next pandemic may impact the world’s tourism industry. Tourism Review On-line Magazine, 9. Retrieved from http://www.tourismreview. com/travel-tourism-magazine.php

  • Turner, B. L., Kasperson, R. E., Matson, P. A., Mccarthy, J. J., Corell, R., Christensen, L., Eckley, N., Kasperson, J. X., Luers, A.., Martello, M. L., Polsky, C., Pulsipher, A., & Schiller, A. (2003, July 8). A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 100(14), 8074-8079. Retrieved from https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/100/14/8074.full.pdf

  • Tyler, D., & Dangerfield, J. M. (1999). Ecosystem tourism: A resource-based philosophy for ecotourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7(2), 146-158.

  • UNDRR. (2020). Human cost of disasters: Review of 20 Years during 2000-2019. Report. CRED & United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Retrieved from https://www.undrr.org/media/48008/download

  • UNISDR. (2009). UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction. Geneva: United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. https://www.undrr.org/publication/2009-unisdr-terminology-disaster-riskreduction

  • UNISDR. (2018, October). Economic Losses, Poverty and Disasters 1998-2017. Technical Report. The U.N for Disaster Risk Reduction. Retrieved from http:// www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/459099/economic-losses-poverty-disasters-1998-2017/

  • UNWTO. (2019). Global report on women in tourism (2nd ed.). Retrieved from https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284420384 UNWTO. (2020a, April 6). COVID-19 Response: 96% of global destinations impose travel restrictions.

  • UNWTO Reports. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/news/COVID-19-response-travel-restrictions

  • UNWTO. (2020b, December). COVID-19 related travel restrictions: A global review for tourism. 8th Report. Retrieved from https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/2020-12/201202-Travel-Restrictions.pdf

  • UNWTO. (2020c, December). Impact assessment of the COVID-19 outbreak on international tourism. Retrieved from https://www.unwto.org/impact-assessment-of-the-COVID-19-outbreak-on-international-tourism UNWTO. (2020, October). World tourism barometer (vol. 18, no. 6).

  • UNWTO & ILO. (2013). Economic crisis, international tourism decline and its impact on the poor. Report. Retrieved from https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284414444

  • World Bank. (2020). Resilient industries: Competitiveness in the face of disasters. Washington, DC: World Bank.

  • WEF. (2015). Adapting to uncertainty- The global hotel industry. (chap. 1.2). The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015. Retrieved from http:// www3.weforum.org/docs/TT15/WEF_TTCR_Chapter1.2_2015.pdf


Abstract Views: 205

PDF Views: 0




  • Vulnerabilities of ‘Resilient Tourism’ and Emerging Trajectories : An Indian Perspective

Abstract Views: 205  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

S. Sutheeshna Babu
National Institute of Watersports, Goa, India

Abstract


The business of tourism is woven around creating longing consumer experiences through a variously connected chain of divergent spatially fixed tangible and intangible assets. Relentless pursuits of the visitors for novelty and uniqueness drive the business forward with great momentum and enhance its resilience. However, the natural and anthropogenic stressor events push the vulnerabilities of tourism and destinations, often making it very fragile and struggling to withstand the effects of the onslaughts. This paper has been scoped to map the vulnerabilities of tourism in Indian context and to elucidate the perspectives for a resilient tourism. The results suggests that domestic and outbound tourism sectors in India have been seen largely resilient in the 21st Century while FTA’s did face setbacks during the global level disasters. Building resilience is a multi-faceted praxis and its effectiveness demands involvement and integration of key stakeholders at all levels- destination, industry and establishment.

Keywords


Vulnerability, Resilience, Disasters, Economic Recession, Sustainable Tourism, COVID-19.

References