Informatics Publishing Limited

Afaq Ahmad ¹, Sayyid Samir Al-Busaidi ¹, Mufeed Juma Al-Musharafi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P. O. Box 33, Postal Code 123; Muscat, OM

Abstract

This paper presents a study and developed simulation models for testing properties of pseudo-noise sequences. A generalized approach is considered while presenting the study of properties of pseudo-noise sequences. On the other hand MATLAB SIMULINK which a commonly available computing platform is used to develop the simulation models for testing the properties of pseudo-noise sequences.

Keywords

LFSR, PN Sequence, MATLAB, Autocorrelation, Run Length

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Neeti Singh ¹, Afaq Ahmad ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh -202002, IN

Abstract

The charge transfer complexes of the donor benzamide (BZ) with &#960;-acceptor picric acid (PA) have been studied spectrophotometrically in various solvents such as carbon tetra chloride, ethanol, and methanol at room temperature using absorption spectrophotometer. The results indicate that formation of CTC in less polar solvent is high. The stoichiometry of the CT complex was found to be 1:1. The physical parameters of CT complex were evaluated by the Benesi-Hildebrand equation. The data are discussed in terms of formation constant (KCT), molar extinction coefficient (&#948;CT), standard free energy (G o ), oscillator strength(ƒ), transition dipole moment (&#181;EN), resonance energy (RN) and ionization potential (ID). The results indicate that the formation constant (K<SUB>CT</SUB>) for the complex were shown to be dependent upon the nature of electron acceptor, donor and polarity of solvents which were used. The results show that a charge transfer molecular complex between picric acid and benzamide stabilized by hydrogen bonding. The formation of the complex has been confirmed by UV-visible, FT-IR, 1 H-NMR, TGA/DTA spectral data methods. On the basis of the studies, the structure of CT complex is [(BZ) + (PA) −] , and a general mechanism for its formation is proposed.

Keywords

Charge Transfer complex, Benzamide (BZ), Picric acid (PA), UV-visible, FT-IR, ¹H–NMR, TGA/DTA

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Afaq Ahmad ¹, Abdulsatar Abduljabbar Rzokee ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

Abstract

The reactions between 2,2 bipyridine (Bpy) and hydroxy benzo pyridine (8HQ) as electron donors with some acceptors such as chloranilic acid (CAA), 3, 5 di nitro benzoic acid (DNBA) and p-nitro phenol (PNP) were studied at room temperature. Based on FT- IR spectrum of the solid CT complexes along with the UV- visible spectroscopy for the reactions, the data obtained indicate the formation of 1:1 charge-transfer complexes. The infrared and 1H NMR spectroscopic data and XRD spectrum indicate a charge-transfer interaction associated with a proton migration from the acceptor to the donor followed by intermolecular hydrogen bonding

Keywords

Charge- Transfer Complexes, 2, 2 Bipyridine, Hydroxy Benzo Pyridine, FT- IR, UV- Visible, 1H NMR, XRD

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Ahmed Al Maashri ¹, Lavanya Pathuri ¹, Medhat Awadalla ¹, Afaq Ahmad ¹, Mohamed Ould-Khaoua ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, OM

Abstract

Objectives: This study proposes an optimized power-efficient cryptosystem that is suitable for Wireless Sensor Networks. Methods: A number of cryptographic algorithms have been proposed to secure Wireless Sensor Networks. However, these compute-intensive and power-hungry algorithms do not take into consideration the limitations of resource found on the sensor nodes. We propose profiling some of these popular algorithms to identify the speed bottlenecks and develop hardware accelerators that maintain the real-time performance, with an efficient use of power. Findings: The proposed optimizations to the hardware accelerators were mapped to reconfigurable computing devices. Results show that the performance of the proposed hardware outperforms the software implementation running on contemporary CPU by up to 21.9×. In addition, the results indicate that the hardware is efficiently managing its power budget. Application: These accelerators can be utilized in heterogeneous system architectures, where the CPU controls the overall operations, and the accelerators efficiently perform the necessary encryption and decryption.

Keywords

Cryptography, FPGA, Power Efficiency, Reconfigurable Computing, WSN.

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Al-Busaidi Sayyid Samir ¹, Afaq Ahmad ¹, Medhat Awadalla ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, OM
2 Department of Communications and Computers, Helwan University, EG

Abstract

This paper proposes a novel design for Binary to Gray code encoders and/or counters using multiplexers and flip-flops. The proposed design are modular based, whereby other stages can be added as per the requirement of the desired applications. Moreover, the external clock timing signal drives only the first stage, while all remaining stages are linked to the outputs from preceding stages. The successive stages transitions at half the rate of the preceding stage thereby, makes the design power efficient since the dissipated power is quadratic frequency dependent. The proposed design can be modified to increase the counters duration or increase the counters resolution according to the applications need. Increasing the Gray counters time span by powers of two simply necessitates augmenting the design by more stages, while maintaining a constant clock rate. On the other hand, doubling the time resolution of the Gray counter over a constant time span can be achieved by adding another stage while subsequently doubling the clock rate.

Keywords

Gray Code, Reflected Binary Code, Encoder, Counter, D-FF.

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Afaq Ahmad ¹, S. P. Ahmad ², A. Ahmed ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Islamic University of Science & Technology, Awantipoora, Jammu & Kashmir, IN
2 Department of Statistics, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, IN
3 Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh, IN

Abstract

In this article, a generalization of the Ailamujia distribution so-called transmuted Ailamujia distribution is proposed and studied. We will use the quadratic rank transmutation map (QRTM) in order to generate a flexible family of probability distributions taking Ailamujia distribution as the base value distribution by introducing a new parameter that would offer more distributional flexibility. We provide a comprehensive description of the mathematical properties of the subject distribution along with its reliability behavior. The superiority of the proposed distribution has been illustrated with an application to a real data set.

Keywords

Ailamujia Distribution, Reliability Function, Maximum Likelihood Estimation, Real Life Application.

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Neeti Singh ¹, Ishaat M. Khan ¹, Afaq Ahmad ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, IN

Abstract

Charge transfer complexes of picric acid, with m-nitroaniline, were investigated by spectrophotometric method in three different organic solvents viz-acetone, ethanol, and methanol. The data are discussed in terms of association constant, (K_CT) and molar extinction coefficient (ε_CT), standard free energy (ΔG^°), oscillator strength (ƒ), and transition dipole moment (μ_EN) were calculated. The spectrum obtained form the complex of picric acid and m-nitroaniline shows absorption bands at 450 nm for methanol, 445 nm for ethanol and 440 nm for acetone. The results reveal that the interaction between the donor and acceptor is due to π-π* transitions. The stiochiometry of the complexes was found to be in the ratio of 1:1 by straight line method. The influences of used solvents such as acetone, ethanol, and methanol, on spectroscopic parameters were investigated. The ionization potential (I_D) of the donor was also determined.

Keywords

Charge Transfer Complex, M-Nitroaniline (MNA), Picric Acid (PiOH), Visible Region, Formation Constant, FTIR Spectroscopy.

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Neeraja Mohanan ¹, Afaq Ahmad ¹, Sayyid Samir Al-Busaidi ¹, Lazhar Khiriji Amir Abdulghani ¹, Muhammad Al Nadabi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 33, Zip code 123, Muscat, OM

Abstract

In the past couple of decades, the number of vehicles has increased radically. A statistic which presents the number of cars sold worldwide from 1990 through 2017, forecasts for 2018, some 81.6 million automobiles are expected to be sold by the end 2018. With this continuous increase, it is becoming very tedious to keep track of each vehicle for the purpose of security, law enforcement and traffic management. This phenomenon of rapidly increasing vehicles on the road highlights the importance for a vehicle number plate recognition system. By recognizing the car plates, the drivers of the vehicle can be identified from the database. Number plate detection system are used in various applications like traffic law maintenance, traffic control, automatic toll collection, parking systems, automatic gate openers. This paper presents a unique algorithmic procedure for detecting vehicle plate number which is based on the concept of mathematical morphology. The developed algorithm is simple, efficient and flexible. The algorithm is capable of working satisfactorily even in different constraints such as like rain, smoke and shadow. This user-friendly software tool is developed on MATLAB platform which is one of the common and efficient image processing analysis tools.

Keywords

Image Processing, Mathematical Morphology, Set Theory, Vehicle Number Plate Recognition, Algorithm, MATLAB.

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Pathuri Lavanya ¹, Penke Satyanarayana ¹, Afaq Ahmad ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah University, Vijayawada 522502, IN
2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Box 33, Zip code 123, OM

Abstract

Systematic pursuits are being developed to set forth the framework for the Fifth Generation (5G) wireless standards. This paper emphases on the most extensively deployed technology - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) that has outpaced other waveform aspirants for Fourth Generation (4G) communication standards. Irrespective of the beneficial features, it does possess a number of significant limitations that mark it as an incompatible candidate for the upcoming 5G standard. This paper highlights on its major drawback i.e high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR). Results state that PAPR does cause sudden upsurge to the output signal envelope causing further other damages. There exists a need for more flexible waveforms to replace the conventional OFDM in order to address the unprecedented challenges. The future research directions in the domain are presented.

Keywords

Communication, Multi-carrier, OFDM, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, PAPR, Peak to Average Power Ratio, Wireless Technology, 5G.

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Afaq Ahmad ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Journalism & Mass Communication, Lovely Professional University, Punjab-144 411, IN

Abstract

Today, the discourse of entrepreneurship seems to have changed with the inception of eco-friendly women entrepreneurship in rural areas which proved as a panacea for societal development. In a patriarchal society, a man still remains doubtful about women’s ability to be a good entrepreneur in spite of the fact that women appear to be more psychologically flexible and have a diplomatic administrative way of working. Village women are often equipped with artisan skills, albeit they struggle to become economically self-reliant. Multitasking is another virtue of women as they can execute various tasks at the same time; thus, women seem to be more productive than men. This paper is intended to provide an understanding of the paradigm shift in rural areas of the country in terms of theoretical amalgamation of the conventionally accepted capitalist, corporate or businessoriented entrepreneurship and eco-friendly women entrepreneurship where women entrepreneurs leave indelible marks for societal development in agrarian sectors and so forth. Entrepreneurship is a key element through which rural economic development can be achieved. The paper tries to reveal the impact of ecofriendly women entrepreneurship on rural areas for the alleviation of penury of the villagers, especially in agriculture sectors and domestic affairs, with the attempt to address the issues related to farmers, workers, daily wagers, etc.

Keywords

Eco-Friendly Entrepreneurship, Rural Development, Women Entrepreneurs, Sustainability, Agrarian Sector, Farmers.

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Shaik Mazhar Hussain ¹, Afaq Ahmad ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electronics and Communication Middle East College, PO Box 79, Zip Code 124 Muscat, OM
2 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 33, Zip Code 123, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, OM

Abstract

Continuous striving in the development of wireless mobile networks maximizes the possibility of user services and provides experience context rich and personalized services. In this way, for the development towards fully integrated 4G-all IP network architecture, the interoperability between future generation wireless networks and seamless vertical handover (VHO) has become a crucially important issue. The proposed work is mainly focusing on exploring interoperability issues in heterogeneous networks considering development towards 4G and emphasizing one merging IEEE 802.21 standard. Further, Simulation results were presented to showcase vertical handover (VHO) performance using IEEE 802.21. Simulation Analysis is done using Network Simulator (NS-2) with seamless mobility package extension.

Keywords

4G; 4G-all IP Architecture; IEEE 802.21; Interoperability; Vertical Handover (VHO).

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Afaq Ahmad ¹, Sougata Banerjee ¹, Aniruddha Mukherjee ¹, Amit Soni ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Engineering & Management, Jaipur., IN
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur., IN

Abstract

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. India has marked itself self-sufficient in food. But the large population of India is always keeping a constant demand in the market for food. Also, with the growing industrialization and urbanization, agricultural tracts are becoming fewer in number. Hence, the supply of food has put over-utilization of the existing agricultural lands. There has been a constant effort in the research and development sector of agriculture in India. Most of the rural people in India practice agriculture.

Artificial Lighting for Plants (ALP) is the concept of growing a plant in light (other than sunlight), with all the other factors like moisture, soil nutrition, etc. Using the ALP device, a farmer can monitor the plants regularly. Also, distinguished light can be executed for different kinds of plants. Hence, ALP device not only lets one to boost the production, but also maintain good health of the plant for ensuring quality as well as quantity.

Keywords

Agriculture, Artificial Lighting, Light, Plants, Spectrum.

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