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Johani Xaxa ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar- 768019 (Odisha), IN

Abstract

Since Independence India has been undertaking a number of development projects to improve infrastructure which displaced thousands of poor in general and tribals in particular, and thrown them into the pool of struggle for their livelihood. The government undertook the construction of dams, irrigation projects, mining, power houses, creation of national parks etc. For which the jungle dwellers and tribals have been displaced from their ancestral land. In Orissa, Rourkela Steel plant, Hirakud Dam project, Rengali Dam Project, etc. have been displaced a number of households. They are yet to be resettled. Around 15% of the tribal populations have been affected by development projects. Displacements have caused damages to the life of people in all respect i.e., Economic, Social, Cultural and Educational. This paper has examined and recommended some measures to overcome the situations.

Keywords

Displacement, Development, Tribals, Projects

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Johani Xaxa ¹

Affiliations
1 P.G. Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur -768019 (Odisha), IN

Abstract

Human Rights are those basic rights which are inherent in our nature, and without which we cannot live like a human being. Human Rights helps us to develop our intelligence, qualities, talents and conscience to satisfy our mandate and spiritual needs. Human Rights are universal and are applicable to all without discrimination. Like any other country, India is also a signatory to "Universal declaration of Human Rights" in 1948. This paper tends to focus on the tribal rights and development. The tribal rights can be seen as a part of the larger human rights discourse. India during post-independence period was engaged in developmental works like industrialization, urbanization, Dams for Hydro-electric projects and irrigation, mining's etc., which resulted in displacement of millions of people and more affected were the rural poor tribals. In Odisha, the tribal habited places are rich in minerals. Hence, the tribals are displaced more in numbers. They have lost their homes and livelihood. The Government of Odisha has failed to pay the compensation to the displaced tribals. They were shifted to resettlement colonies without sufficient amenities of life. Some tribals have been moved to remote jungles in search of agriculture land. The displacement has taken them back to some more years to develop. Thus, their rights are ignored by government. The country is developing in the cost of rural poor tribals.

Keywords

Development, Displacement, Human Rights, Tribal Rights, Government.

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Johani Xaxa ¹

Affiliations
1 P.G. Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Bhubneshwar 768019 (Odisha), IN

Abstract

Governance is a system in which exercise of the legitimate authority of the states does not become the prerogative of elected leaders as selected bureaucrats rather it seeks to ensure the active participation of people in this process in a just, transparent and accountable manner. Governance can be possible in a democracy, which cannot be enforced from the above, but it has to be strengthened at the grassischolar_mains level. In the 73^rd Amendment, no doubt 29 items have been enumerated in the Eleventh Scheduled of the Constitution; but there is no clear functional jurisdiction for PRIs. If the new Panchayati Raj is to be made effective, there is a need to define the powers and functions of each tier distinctively. For Good Governance, the Panchayatiraj government should not rule the people but to enable the people to decide their own needs, The Panchayats have tobe restructured and become accountable to people, transparent of information and improving their performance. The success of governance depends on there invention of government, re-engineering of bureaucracy and re-invigoration of non-government sector with motive and active participation of local rural people.

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Johani Xaxa ¹

Affiliations
1 P.G. Department of Political Science and Public Administration, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar- 768019 Odisha, IN

Abstract

Identity politics means individuals are defined by their identity based on race, ethnicity, gender, language or religion or whatever identity that person perceived to his identity. A person may have multiple identities, but it is the identity which he or she perceives to be the defining one that determines that person's identity. Identity Politics promotes differences and separateness to stress one's distinct identity. Since 19^th century onwards, people were mobilized on the basis of their identity and a number of movements were occurred because of their identity consciousness. This paper has intended to focus on some important tribal movements in Chotanagpur area, to protect their land rights as their identity in 19^th century. The important tribal movements are Kol insurrection ,Ho insurrection, Santal insurrection and Bisra Andolan. The main reason of these movements was the 'land rights', which the tribals perceived as their identity.

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