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L. Srimathi Priya ¹, K. Kumutha ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 039, IN

Abstract

An investigation was carried out with the aim to study the interactive effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Pseudomonas on growth and yield of Coleus forskohlii. The inoculation of AM fungus, Scutellospora sp. and PGPR organisms (Pseudomonas sp.) showed increase in plant enzyme activities along with enhancement in tuber yield and alkaloid content, than the individual treatments. The combined inoculation of the AM fungus with PGPR recorded maximum shoot and ischolar_main length with 40.4 and 203.1 per cent increase over control and the total dry matter content increased by 104.5 percent over control. The enzyme activities (acid, alkaline and dehydrogenase) were found to have enhanced upto 200 per cent due to the combined inoculation of SCL1+PFC1 which was double than single inoculations. The AM colonization (45-90 per cent) and spore load (155–330 spores) were also higher due to these treatments while, about 6-7, 1-2 and 5-6 fold increase in N, P and K uptake was noticed respectively. The tuber yield (0.73 g plant-1) and forskohlin content (0.03-0.06 per cent) were also found to be doubled due to the inoculation of AM fungi with PGPR.

Keywords

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi, Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Coleus forskohlii, Forskohlin Content.

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S. Vijayakumar ¹, K. Kumutha ¹, P. Santhana Krishnan ¹, H. Gopal ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

The laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations of glucose ranges from 0.11 to 0.66 M and utilization pattern (7 days) was studied for lipid production in oleaginous yeast cultures. Lipid and biomass production was gradually increased in response to glucose concentration. In Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodosporidium toruloides and Lipomyces starkeyi lipid content reached maximum as 4.55 g l^-1 (40.26 per cent), 4.25 g l^-1 (38.20 per cent) and 4.23 g l^-1 (38.10 per cent), respectively at 0.55 M of glucose concentration. Biomass content was also high as 11.30, 11.13 and 11.10 g l^-1, respectively at 0.55 M concentration. While studying the utilization pattern, consumption of glucose was started from the second day with small amount of lipid and biomass production and it was gradually increased on third and fourth days of fermentation period. Maximum amount of lipid (4.80, 4.64 and 4.61 g l^-1) and biomass (11.40, 11.26 g, 11.20 g l^-1) was recorded on fifth day of fermentation with the utilization of 0.5 M of glucose. Then decline in lipid production was observed on sixth and seventh days. At the end of fermentation Rhodotorula glutinis utilized 0.55 M of carbon and exhibited 4.56 g l^-1 of lipid and 11.30 g l^-1 of biomass.

Keywords

Oleaginous Yeast, Lipids, Biomass, Carbon Source, Glucose Utilization.

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R. Poorniammal ¹, S. P. Sundaram ¹, K. Kumutha ¹, R. Parimala Devi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N), IN

Abstract

The effect of cocultured inoculant (Azophosmet) was studied under in vitro and in vivo conditions compared with other individual inoculants was investigated. The cotton seeds were treated with the Azophosmet, revealed the surviving ability of Azospirillum Sp7, PSB PB1 and PPFM CO 47 noticed up to 24 h on the seeds. Inoculation of cocultured inoculants recorded the maximum increase in ischolar_main length; shoot length, germination per cent and vigour index of cotton plants followed by CO 47 under in vitro conditions. Cocultured inoculants (Azophosmet) was effective in enhancing rhizosphere population of individual bioinoculants, plant growth and seed cotton yield under pot culture conditions.

Keywords

Azophosmet, Cotton, Coculturing and PPFM.

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S. Vijayakumar ¹, K. Kumutha ¹, P. Santhana Krishnan ¹, H. Gopal ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

The laboratory experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations of glucose ranges from 0.11 to 0.66 M and utilization pattern (7 days) was studied for lipid production in oleaginous yeast cultures. Lipid and biomass production was gradually increased in response to glucose concentration. In Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodosporidium toruloides and Lipomyces starkeyi lipid content reached maximum as 4.55 g l^-1 (40.26 per cent), 4.25 g l^-1 (38.20 per cent) and 4.23 g l^-1 (38.10 per cent), respectively at 0.55 M of glucose concentration. Biomass content was also high as 11.30, 11.13 and 11.10 g l^-1, respectively at 0.55 M concentration. While studying the utilization pattern, consumption of glucose was started from the second day with small amount of lipid and biomass production and it was gradually increased on third and fourth days of fermentation period. Maximum amount of lipid (4.80, 4.64 and 4.61 g l^-1) and biomass (11.40, 11.26 g, 11.20 g l^-1) was recorded on fifth day of fermentation with the utilization of 0.5 M of glucose. Then decline in lipid production was observed on sixth and seventh days. At the end of fermentation Rhodotorula glutinis utilized 0.55 M of carbon and exhibited 4.56 g l^-1 of lipid and 11.30 g l^-1 of biomass.

Keywords

Oleaginous Yeast, Lipids, Biomass, Carbon Source, Glucose Utilization.

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R. Poorniammal ¹, S. P. Sundaram ¹, K. Kumutha ¹, R. Parimala Devi ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

Nitrogen fixers, phosphate solubilizers and a plant growth hormone synthesizer were cocultured in a suitable single medium The compatibility nature of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7, Bacillus megaterium var phosphaticum PB1 and Methylobacterium extorquens CO 47 in a common growth medium was investigated to coculture the bioinoculants (Azophosmet). All the three had better growth in YEMA. During coculturing the survival of Azospirillum Sp7, PSB PB1 and PPFM CO 47 was maximum in YEMB supplemented with 0.5% methanol. Biochemical characters of YEMB culture filtrates (0.5% methanol) recorded the highest amount of ammonia secretion, cell protein and polysaccharide content when compared to nutrient broth and glycerol peptone broth. The shelf life studies of Azophosmet in lignite carrier based formulation assessed for four months indicated that Azospirillum Sp7, PSB PB1 and PPFM CO 47 had cell load of 10⁸cfu g^-1. The cotton seeds treated with the Azophosmet revealed the surviving ability of Azospirillum Sp7, PSB PB1 and PPFM CO 47 noticed up to 24 hr on the seeds.

Keywords

Azospirillum, Bacillus, Methylobacterium and Coculturing.

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S. Devikrishna ¹, K. Kumutha ¹, P. Santhanakrishnan ¹, L. Srimathi Priya ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal(VAM) fungi are a unique group of ubiquitous soil microorganism known to form symbiotic association with ischolar_mains of economically important crop plants. AM propagules such as isolated spores, sheared mycorrhizal ischolar_mains are virtually able to initiate AM symbiosis and establish the pre-symbiotic phase with the transformed ischolar_main. The spores were sterilized with 96 % ethyl alcohol and treated for 30, 60 and 90 seconds. Surface sterilization of AM spore viz., Glomus mosseae, G. intrardices and G. caledonium with 96 per cent ethyl alcohol for 60 sec exhibited higher germination per cent without affecting the viability of spores. Further cold treatment of spores at 4°C for a period of 30 days improved the spore germination to 90 % and 56.5 % in Glomus intraradices and Glomus caledonium, respectively, whereas Glomus mosseae, recorded maximum with 20 days of cold treatment. Though germination was observed higher with 30 days and cold treatment, stratification at 40C for a perod of 16-20 days resulted better germination of spores.

Keywords

AM Fungi, Sterilization, Spore Germination, Glomus.

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H. Gopal ¹, K. Kumutha ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria viz., Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomonas were isolated from rhizosphere soil and ischolar_mains of ashwagandha plants collected from various locations in Tamil Nadu. The isolated strains were characterized by morphological, physiological and biochemical tests and were examined for nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, phytohormone production, siderophore production and antagonistic activity. A pot culture experiment was conducted at the dept of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. The results revealed that combined inoculation of A. lipoferum - AAs-11, Azotobacter - AAz-3, Bacillus - APb-1 and Pseudomonas fluorescens - APs-1 enhanced the biochemical constituents of ashwagandha such as chlorophyll, protein and total alkaloid contents, especially Withaferin-A.

Keywords

Rhizobacteria, Aswagandha, Withaferin-A.

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S. Vijaya Kumar ¹, K. Kumutha ¹, P. Santhana Krishnan ¹, H. Gopal ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Tamil Nadu Agriculture University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of nitrogen sources on lipid production by different yeast cultures. Among the four nitrogen sources, yeast extract and peptone showed maximum lipid production in biomass (22.85 and 20.03 per cent, respectively) and they were at par with each other, while ammonium sulphate (16.70 per cent) and sodium nitrate (13.34 per cent) exhibited poor lipid accumulation. Yeast extract containing broth supported to produce maximum lipid in Rhodotorula glutinis (23.82 per cent), followed by Rhodosporidium toruloides (22.53 per cent) and Lipomyces starkeyi (22.21 per cent). High amount of biomass as 10.20, 10.16 and 10.14 g l^-1 was also observed using yeast extract as nitrogen source, respectively of the above cultures. Further experiment on optimization of the concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1.75 per cent revealed the production of higher lipids was under 0.75 per cent. Among the various concentrations evaluated, maximum lipid and biomass production was observed in Rhodotorula glutinis (31.3 per cent and 11.5 g l^-1), Rhodosporidium toruloides (29.72 per cent and 11.10 g l^-1) and Lipomyces starkeyi (28.50 per cent and 11.05 g l^-1), respectively at 0.75 per cent level. Reduction in biomass as well as lipid yield was observed when increase in concentrations of yeast extract beyond 1.0 per cent.

Keywords

Nitrogen, Oleaginous Yeast Cultures, Cell Biomass.

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Suchitra Rakesh ¹, K. Kumutha ¹, D. Balachandar ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Centre of Plant Molecular Biology, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN

Abstract

The present investigation was focused on assessment of AM fungal diversity in different agricultural soils. Soil samples were collected from three different agricultural soils. All the three soil samples were analysed for physico-chemical characteristics (standard method) and diversity of AM fungi. By considering spore wall layers, shape and colour of the spore, 8 different species was observed morphologically in eastern block soil (sandy clay loam) namely, Glomus clarum, Glomus fasciculatum, Gigaspora decipens, Glomus etunicatum, Glomus mosseae, Glomus viscosum, Scutellospora sp. and Glomus geosporum. Six different AM species were identified from millet breeding station sample (clay loam) as, Glomus mosseae, Gigaspora margarita, Glomus fasciculatum Scutellospora sp. and Glomus geosporum. From dryland sample (sandy clay loam), six species identified are Acaulospora sp., Glomus mosseae, Scutellospora sp., Gigaspora gigantean and Glomus albidum.

Keywords

Diversity, Assessment, AM Species, Physico-Chemical, Agricultural Soils.

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V. S. Indhumathi ¹, P. Chandramani ², J. Jayaraj ³, C. Chinniah ¹, P. P. Mahendran ¹, K. Kumutha ¹

Affiliations
1 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai – 625104, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Kudumiyanmalai – 622104, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Grapes Research Station, Theni – 625526, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

To evaluate the effect of four silicon fertilizers, field experiment was conducted in farmer’s holding at Poovanthi village of Sivagangai district, Tamil Nadu during 2017-2018 against sugarcane leaf hopper, Pyrilla perpusilla Walker and its parasitoid, Epiricania melanoleuca (Fletcher). Silicon fertilizers were applied @ 500 and 1000 kg ha^-1 before planting and the leaf hopper population was recorded at 150, 180, 210, 240 and 270 days after application. The results of field experiment revealed that Pyrilla population was minimum in the plots treated with calcium silicate @ 1000 kg ha^-1 (8.20 numbers/leaf) followed by calcium silicate @ 500 kg ha^-1 (8.80 numbers/leaf) as compared over untreated check (98.20 numbers/leaf) and the percent reduction over untreated check was 82.45 and 73.71 per cent, respectively. Similarly, the per cent parasitism was maximum in the treatment with calcium silicate @ 1000 kg ha^-1 (82.33%) during November, which was on par with untreated check. Hence, Pyrilla population declined to an extent of 82.45 per cent by enhancement of E. melanoleuca parasitism (82.33 %) due to the application of silicon fertilizers.

Keywords

Epiricania melanoleuca, Parasitism, Pyrilla perpusilla, Silicon Nutrition.

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