Informatics Publishing Limited

P. B. Jaya Lakshmi ¹, S. Anusha Rao ¹, A. Mathew Nishanth ¹, B. Krishna Prasanth ², N. Aravindha Babu ³

Affiliations
1 MASLP Post Graduate Students, MERF Institute of Speech & Hearing, Department of Community Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, IN
2 Assistant Professor & Epidemiologist, Department of Community Medicine, Sree Balaji Medical College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, IN
3 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, IN

Abstract

Aim and Objectives: The study aims in investigating the awareness of dyslexia among school teachers (primary, secondary and higher secondary) of Chennai, India and also to determine whether age, years of experience of school teachers, location and type of school (Government/Government aided or private) influence awareness of dyslexia in teachers.

Materials and Method: The study sample consists of 249 teachers from schools in Chennai. A validated questionnaire consisting of 20 questions was used to assess the knowledge of dyslexia among school teachers.

Results: The results show that the overall awareness of dyslexia among school teachers varied between inadequate knowledge to adequate knowledge. Age and years of experience has an influence on the awareness of dyslexia. But the location and type of school did not show statistically significant difference.

Conclusion: Majority of the school teachers (54.6%) were found to be fairly adequate knowledge on dyslexia. Thus, educating all the teachers about the characteristics of dyslexia and guiding them in identifying and providing adequate support to the dyslexic children is one of the important aspects that has to be focused. Thereby, providing educational training program will aid in early identification and intervention for children with dyslexia.

Keywords

Dyslexia, Teachers, Awareness, Chennai.

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P. Sangeetha Priya ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², N. Anitha ³, L. Malathi ³

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

By definition Dental caries is an irreversible microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth, characterized by demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic substance of the tooth, which often leads to cavitations. The etiology of dental caries is generally agreed to be a complex problem complicated by many indirect factors that obscure the direct cause or causes. There is no universally accepted opinion for the etiology of dental caries. The oral flora and the saliva plays a very important contributing factor in dental caries. Saliva is the most valuable oral fluid is critical to the preservation and management of oral health. Saliva containing various organic and inorganic substances provides primary natural protection for teeth and soft tissues in the oral cavity assists in mastication, deglutition and digestion of food. The secretion of saliva can be affected due to various local and systemic causes. However if a patient is taking medication and has altered salivary secretion the differential diagnosis should include the possibility of an adverse drug reaction. The drugs may lead to alteration in the flow rate of saliva. Salivary dysfunction as a clinical entity has received considerable attention in recent years. This article critically reviews the dental hard tissue alterations especially dental caries that are caused due to reduced salivary secretion as a result of long term medication.

Keywords

Dental Caries, Medication, Dry Mouth, Hyposalivation.

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Gulshan Ryhanath ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², N. Anitha ³, E. Rajesh ³

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education, Chennai, IN
2 Professor, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education, Chennai, IN
3 Reader, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education, Chennai, IN

Abstract

Autoimmune blistering diseases are a group of disorders in which the body attacks the healthy tissue, causing blistering lesions primarily affecting the skin and mucous and membranes. The symptoms and severity of blistering diseases vary from one person to another, even among individuals with the same disorder. In some cases, blistering lesions can involve a significant portion of the skin. Although, there is no cure for autoimmune blistering diseases, they can often be controlled with treatment. In other cases, autoimmune blistering diseases if left untreated can eventually cause life-threatening complications.

Keywords

Blisters, Lesions, Diagnosis, Treatment.

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L. Malathi ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², E. Rajesh ¹, N. Anitha ¹, R. Hariharan ³

Affiliations
1 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Chennai, BIHER, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Chennai, BIHER, IN
3 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Chennai, BIHER, IN

Abstract

Neuralgia is the disorder produced by change in neurological structure or function. These neuralgias produces symptoms which affect the physical as well as mental health of the patient. There are several neuralgias that occur in maxillofacial regions, they are trigeminal neurlagia, glossopharyngeal neuralgia, postherpetic neuralgia, nervous intermedius neuralgia and occipital neuralgia. Out of all these, trigeminal neuralgia is the most common cause for occurrence of or facial pain. Neuralgic pain is characterized by mostly unilateral, superficial, short, shock like pain with recurrence attacks. They also have trigger points which can arise pain on appropriate stimuli. The aim of this article is to discuss various types of neuralgias and their recent advancements in treatment.

Keywords

Neuralgia, Pain, Aneurysm.

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Sudha Jimson ¹, G. Nishanth ², S. Leena Sankari ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴, N. Aravindha Babu ³

Affiliations
1 Reader, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education (BIHER), Chennai, IN
2 Post Graduate Student, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education (BIHER), Chennai, IN
3 Professor, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education (BIHER), Chennai, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Dept., Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education (BIHER), Chennai

Abstract

Oral submucous fibrosis is an incidious, chronic disease stirring any part of oral cavity and sometimes the pharynx. South east Asian counties are proven to be high prevent zones.for oral sub mucous fibrosis.. Areca quid related oral mucosal lesions are potential hazard to an outsized e population worldwide. Commercially freeze dried products such as pan masala, guthka and mawa have high concentration of areca nut per chew and appear to cause osmf more rapidly than by self prepared betel quid that contain smaller amounts of areca nut. These chemicals appear to interact with the molecular processes of deposition and or degradation of extracellular matrix molecules such as collagen causing imbalance in the regular process. Various studies done in the past include osmf as potentially malignant disorder. Understanding the etiopathogenesis of osmf may be beneficial to revert the risk factors thereby minimizing the progress of the disease which is included as the priority in the prevention of disease.

Keywords

OSMF, Areca Nut, Betel Quid.

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Sudha Jimson ¹, M. Parasakthi ², S. Leena Sankari ³, K. M. K. Masthan ³, N. Aravindha Babu ³

Affiliations
1 Reader, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education (BIHER), Chennai, IN
2 Post Graduate Student, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education (BIHER), Chennai, IN
3 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education (BIHER), Chennai, IN

Abstract

Giant cells are often seen in many conditions. Their presence in microscope is of great interest and play a vital role in histopathological diagnosis. They can be classified into several types by various authors. Their formation in physiological and pathological conditions is based on several mechanisms. The physiological giant cells seen in our body are synctiotrophoblasts in placenta, megakaryocytes in bone marrow and osteoclasts in bone. This article attempts to review on the basic mechanisms of formation and histopathology of giant cell associated lesions

Keywords

Giant cell, Langhans Cell, Touton, Osteoclast.

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N. Anitha ¹, K. M. K. Masthan ², L. Malathi ¹, P. Sangeetha Priya ³, N. Aravindha Babu ⁴

Affiliations
1 Reader, Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, BIHER, IN
2 Professor and Head, Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, BIHER, IN
3 Post Graduate Student, Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, BIHER, IN
4 Professor, Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, BIHER, IN

Abstract

Geriatrics, is a specialty that focuses on health care of elderly people. It aims to promote health by preventing and treating diseases and disabilities in older adults. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set 55 as the beginning of old age. Living a long life can be attributed to a number of factors, such as improvements in the standard of living, better sanitation, nutrition, and healthier lifestyles. This review discusses on the importance of evaluating the oral health of the geriatric population in a detailed manner, beyond simple clinical assessments to look for, understand and diagnose possible signs and symptoms or oral pathoses in the elderly.

Keywords

Geriatric Dentistry, Old Age, Aging.

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E. Rajesh ¹, N. Anitha ¹, K. M. K. Masthan ², Hariharan ³, N. Aravindha Babu ⁴

Affiliations
1 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Palliative care is the care given to terminally ill patients to improve the quality of life. Oral cancer is the sixth most common cancer in the world with higher annual incidence. These oral cancer patients are not only compromised on general health but also on oral health, alleviation of pain, reducing the suffering, providing relief, treatment of any other complication which occur during treatment or post treatment are taken care in palliative care. The major concerns in these patients include mucositis, xerostomia, candidiasis, pain, dysphagia, dyspnoea, depression, anxiety and nutritional deficiencies.

Keywords

Oral Cancer, Pain, Dysphagia, Dyspnoea.

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S. Satheesh Babu ¹, E. Rajesh ², L. Malathi ², N. Aravindha Babu ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Reader, Sri Venkateshwaraa Dental College, Ariyur, Puduchery, IN
2 Reader, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education, Chennai, IN
3 Professor, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education, Chennai, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Dept, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education, Chennai, IN

Abstract

Xerostomia is the subjective feeling of dryness of mouth which is often associated with hypofunction of the salivary gland. Xerostomia can also have a major impact on a patient’s oral health and quality of life. Patients with xerostomia complaints of problems with mastication, phonetics, deglutition and wearing dentures. Treatment of this condition always depends on the cause. Oral physicians should be able to diagnose this condition and able to give proper treatment to provide comfort to their patients. This article reviews the causes of xerostomia and its management.

Keywords

Drymouth, Saliva, Salivary Flow, Xerostomia.

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R. Hariharan ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², N. Anitha ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Human whole mouth saliva (WMS) is secreted by salivary glands, namely parotid, submandibular/sublingual and other minor glands of the oral cavity. The human saliva consists of various proteins and peptides which serve as diagnostic aids in detection of various contagious and organ related diseases. Saliva can be used to detect various systemic and oral diseases. In any disease early diagnosis helps in proper treatment planning and better prognosis. Saliva has a great potential as a diagnostic fluid and offers advantage over serum and other biological fluids by an economic and non- invasive collection method for monitoring of systemic health and disease progression.This review examines the diagnostic application of saliva for systemic diseases.

Keywords

Saliva, Diagnostic Fluid, Biomarker, Systemic Disease.

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F. Ryhanath Gulshan ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², Jayasri Krupaa ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Conventional tissue fixation and processing is as old as 100 years and still remains the gold standard in which all new technologies and methods are need to be assessed. Tissue processing is one of the important steps for obtaining good thin sections without artifacts. Though conventional tissue-processing methods are most commonly followed, they are well-known as very laborious and tedious procedures. Microwaves is a form of electromagnetic wave-induced heat, when applied in histotechnology, reproducibly yields histolologic material of similar or superior quality than conventional processing methods, making it popular in the recent years. Microwave irradiation of tissue during fixation and subsequent histochemical staining procedures significantly reduces the time required for incubation in fixation and staining solutions.

Keywords

Tissue Processing, Microwave, Staining.

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G. Nishanth ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², E. Rajesh ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Child abuse is characterized as those demonstrations or oversights of consideration that deny a kid from the chance to completely build up his or her one of a kind possibilities as an individual either physically, socially or emotionally. The overall incidence of child abuse is not so clear. Measurable information don’t demonstrate the genuine rate due to the unreported cases. Physicians has minimal training in oral health, dental injury and disease and thus may not detect dental aspects of abuse or neglect as readily as they do child abuse and neglect involving other areas of the body. Therefore, physicians and dentists should collaborate to increase the prevention, detection, and treatment of these conditions. Dentists with expertise in child abuse will strengthen their ability to prevent and detect child abuse and neglect and enhance the ability to care for and protect children.

Keywords

Child Abuse, Injuries, Dentist, Neglect.

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G. Nishanth ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², N. Anitha ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

The cystic lesions that affect the oral and maxillofacial region are predominantly odontogenic in origin. The odontogenic cell rests entangled within tissue of the jaws such as cell rests of Malassez, cell rests of serre, and enamel organ leads to its formation. The factors leading to the enlargement of these jaw cysts are increased the permeability of cyst wall, increased the protein content of the cyst fluid, and when the intracystic fluid pressure on the jaw bone is increased. This review is an attempt to analyze and compare the components of cystic fluids such as albumin, prealbumin, globulin, and total protein content among various odontogenic cysts.

Keywords

Odontogenic Cysts, Rushton Bodies, Keratin.

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E. Rajesh ¹, P. Sangeetha Priya ², N. Aravindha Babu ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

These days, consuming alcohol is a common feature among all regional population irrespective of age and gender. However, the drinking alcohol is associated with a risk of adverse health and social effects, consumption of alcohol inevitably affects the oral cavity, oral mucosa and teeth. Literature indicates that alcohol dependents may have increased risk of dental caries, probing pocket depth and mucosal lesions related to its intoxicating, toxic and dependence-producing properties. Hence, a short review has been attempted to evaluate the effect of alcohol on oral health.

Keywords

Alcohol, Diseases, Periodontitis.

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L. Malathi ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², P. Sangeetha Priya ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

The initial dissection and preparation of any specimen for histological or microscopic analysis involves more than simply the transcribed macroscopic description and sampling of the specimen. Grossing is a gross examination of surgical specimens in which pathologists inspect the excised specimen with the bare eye to obtain diagnostic information. Grossing of surgical pathology specimens isthe first and an important step in tissue processing, leading to diagnosis. It forms a connecting link between the patient and the pathologist. A correct grossing procedure helps in minimizing the processing errors while at the same time providing useful information about the specimen helping in the achievement of correct diagnosis. The purpose of this short review is to provide adequate insight about the grossing procedure of the pathologic specimens of the head and neck region and to emphasize the importance of grossing in diagnostic oral pathology and provide guidelines to carry out the procedure in a sequential order.

Keywords

Grossing, Fixative, Specimen, Diagnosis.

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N. Aravindha Babu ¹, Sudakshina Mukherjee ², L. Malathi ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Physiotherapy can be the alternative line of treatment for orofacial pain. It can be considered and well tolerated by the patients since it is painless, but by now also the concept is quite unclear to many so implementation in dental practice is far fetched. So dental professionals should be aware of the positive benefits regarding this line of treatment and try to incorporate in the challenging cases of various orofacial pain.

Keywords

Physiotherapy, Orofacial Pain, Dentists.

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Sudakshina Mukherjee ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², Karthika Nagarajan ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

The physical injuries seen in children though can be quantified, the psychological long term impacts in response to child maltreatment I.e child abuse and neglect can have life long negative impacts. Somehow in later life indirectly it hampers the society as a whole. These consequences can be independent of each other, but sometimes they are interrelated also.

Keywords

Child Maltreatment, Abuse, Psychological Consequences.

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N. Aravindha Babu ¹, E. P. Sridevi Anjuga ², Jayasrikrupaa ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Sports Dentistry is one of the latest and developing field in dentistry. It engages in the prevention, maintenance and therapy of oral and facial illnesses,as a well as in the gathering and dissemination of details on dental trauma, beyond study stimulus. Dental injury is the most common type of orofacial injury that occurs during participation in sports. Oral injuries can trigger disfigurement of the sufferer after healing, which may influence the quality of life of athlete. Many athletes are unaware of the health consequences of a traumatic injury to the mouth or the potential for severe head and orofacial injuries while playing. The dentist can play an important role in conveying athletes about the importance of preventing dental and facial injuries in sports. The purpose of this article is to raise professional consciousness and interest in sports dentistry orientation.

Keywords

Sports, Injuries, Dentistry, Athlete.

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P. Sangeetha Priya ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², N. Anitha ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

On focus with route of drug administration, the oral cavity is an attractive and the safest site for the delivery of drugs. As an advantage it can overcome acidic environment thereby causing instability of the drug, extensive first pass metabolism and low bioavailability of drug results an inadequate absorption. The buccal mucosa is rich in blood supply and relatively permeable. Buccal cavity was found to be most accessible site for both local and systemic delivery of drug. This review presents a brief description of advantages and limitations of oral mucosal drug delivery, mechanisms of drug permeation followed by current developments in this drug delivery systems.

Keywords

Drug, Buccal, Sublingual.

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N. Aravindha Babu ¹, A. M. Sherene Christina Roshini ², Krishna Prasath ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Dentistry is a high-risk occupation due to the frequency of exposure to blood and body fluids. Similarly patients are also at risk of acquiring infection from the dental field if proper infection control measures are not followed strictly. According to the routes of disease transmission, we can classify the diseases into three: bloodborne, airborne and also through fomites. Public health consequences of morbidity and mortality is due to emergence of newer diseases within these classification. Disease control measures must be implemented in clinics by the health care provider and dentists. Dentists should understand the impact of diseases and provide certain steps to control the spread of disease within the dental field. Bloodborne diseases, such as hepatitis A, E, B, C, D and G, HIV; respiratory diseases such as tuberculosis, influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), AH1N1 influenza and immunizable childhood diseases are the commonest diseases in society. Aside from infection control measures, immunisation against diseases and postexposure disease control measures should be implemented by the public health care professionals.

Keywords

Bloodborne Diseases, Respiratory Diseases, Immunizable Childhood Diseases, Public Health Measures.

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A. M. Sherene Christina Roshini ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², K. M. K. Masthan ³, N. Anitha ⁴

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research

Abstract

Suspected cases of abuse and neglect should be reported by the health and dental care providers to parents, society and law enforcement agencies. This review reports the oral and dental aspects of physical and sexual abuse and dental neglect in children and pediatric and dental care provider’s role in evaluating such conditions. Perioral and intraoral injuries which raise suspicion for child abuse or neglect are evaluated through bite marks. Multiple kinds of maltreatment have been exposed to children nowadays. Hence health and dental care professionals should be aware and educated about these concerns. Oral health problems can also be noticed in bullying and human trafficking victims. These are noticed by the dentist during physical examination or else children or young adults may reveal these facts about experiencing abuse or neglect. It is mandatory for all dental and health care professionals to know about the signs and symptoms of child abuse and neglect and in addition they should also know how to respond to those conditions.

Keywords

Oral Health, Tongue, Lips, Oral Mucosa.

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N. Aravindha Babu ¹, E. P. Sridevi Anjuga ², Karthiga Nagarajan ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Oral cancer is a widespread and aggressive cancer with a greater rate of morbidity, mortalityand recurrence worldwide. Early diagnosis is of utmost significance for the prevention and management of cancer. Nanotechnology is a broad field that has pioneered the sectorand set modern trends in oral cancer management. Tissue biopsy is usually the fundamental basis for the diagnosis of oral cancer, but it is invasive and can cause discomfort to patient. Nano detection devices are recognized as recent emerging non-invasive approaches to nano scale biomarker sensitivity detection. Nanotechnology can help with less harmful substance to have a better diagnosis. Nanotechnology next- generation technology have many benefits in treating cancer patients during oral malignancy stages from diagnosis to therapy and monitoring disease.

Keywords

Cancer, Diagnosis, Nanotechnology, Non-Invasive.

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E. P. Sridevi Anjuga ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², N. Anitha ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Lichen planus (OLP) is relatively common, chronic dermatologic disease that frequently affects oral mucosa besides skin, genital mucosa, scalp and nails. Oral lichenoid reaction (OLR) represent a prevalent endpoints for extrinsic agents (allergens, medicines, dental materials) modified self antigens or superantigens. In lichen planus, an immune mediated pathogenesis is acknowledged although the correct causative agent is unknown. Despite comparable clinicopathological characteristics: etiology, diagnosis and prognosis between OLP and OLR. Diagnosis of OLP is established either by clinical or by clinical and histopathologic confirmation. Histopathologic features of OLP and OLR are similar with suggestions of certain discriminatory features by some authors.The significant role played in the diagnostic process by the inclusion of the clinician and the oral pathologist. In this article, etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management, malignant transformation of OLP and OLR is reviewed.

Keywords

Lichen planus, Lichenoid Reaction, Dermatologic Disease, Oral Pathologist.

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E. P. Sridevi Anjuga ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², L. Malathi ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Domestic violence or intimate partner violence as it sometimes called is a world wide problem. Women are much more likely to be injured by a family members or by someone knownto them. Domestic violence is a wide spread problem, its actual extent is difficult. Domestic violence refers to violence against women not only in homes but also in work place. In recent survey it shows that 27% of women have experienced domestic violence since the age of 15 in India. The violence tends to escalate often the first to detect the domestic violence victim since usual site of injuries are in head and neck region. The dentists can play a vital role in preventing violence against women and children by helping and providing necessary treatment and care.

Keywords

Domestic Violence, Injury, Women, Dentist.

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A. M. Sherene Christina Roshini ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², R. Jayasri Krupaa ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Probiotics are used to control periodontal diseases, dental caries and halitosis (oral malodour. It also has a potentiality to manage multifactorial diseases such as the periodontal diseases and caries. Conventional treatment cannot restore homeostasis. Studies about the use of probiotics in dentistry are held, where certain studies had a negative result and some had a positive result. Probiotics are used to modulate and regulate the immune system of an individual.

Keywords

Homeostasis, Dental Caries, Gingivitis and Periodontitis.

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E. P. Sridevi Anjuga ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², E. Rajesh ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Dentist experience a range of physical, economic and emotional stress – related issues. Dentists must apply techniques that assist them de-stress by decreasing the amount of stressors and improving the ability to deal with stress. Narratives such as stress resistance, time management advantages, and the selection of realistic objectives are encouraged. This is used to reduce stress to manageable concentration. It can be daunting as with any shift from being an the work place. This applies particularly to medical professionals, since they are accountable for their patients well being. The consequences of stress management inclusion into dental education, offer additional practical suggestions for stress reduction and alleviation. This article gives an overview of such techniques and encourage dentist’s general wellness by highlighting the significance of well- balanced living.

Keywords

Dentist, Stress, Techniques, Financial Issues.

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A. Jebilla Pringle ¹, S. Satheesh Babu ², E. Rajesh ³, N. Anitha ³, N. Aravindha Babu ³, K. M. K. Masthan ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Sree Mookambika Institute of Dental Sciences, Kulasekaram, Kanyakumari District, IN
2 Sri Venkateshwaraa Dental College, Ariyur, Puduchery, IN
3 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education, Chennai, IN

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the ischolar_main proximity of maxillary and mandibular inter radicular sites using orthopantomogram (OPG) and cone beam computed tomograph (CBCT) for the primary stability of mini implants. The cone beam computed tomographic images and orthopantomographic images of 70 subjects were taken. The interdental sites from distal of canine to mesial of second molar are examined for ischolar_main proximity. The ischolar_main proximity was measured at four levels from cementoenamel junction in 70 CBCT and OPG images. The results showed a statistically significant difference between the values obtained from CBCT and OPG images; the ischolar_main proximity was least 6mm above the cementoenamel junction in maxilla and mandible in the range of 1.09-3.62mm, 1.45-4.17 mm respectively. The study concluded that CBCT images are more accurate and reliable. At 5mm from CEJ in the region between the first molar and second premolar in maxilla and in the area between first molar to first premolar in mandible the ischolar_main proximity is least and adequate for mini implant placement.

Keywords

Orthopantomogram, CBCT, Implants.

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R. Hariharan ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ¹, L. Malathi ¹, K. M. K. Masthan ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

During infancy and early childhood,breastfeeding is one of the most important activities.For the first six months of life,the only source of nutrition for a healthy infant is breast milk as specified in the policy statement of the AAP section. It is beneficial to both mother and the child.To infants it offers ideal nutrition, resistance to infectious diseases, enhanced immune systemsince it contains secretory immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG),reduced risk of chronic diseases and allergy,physical and developmental growth benefits.The most common infection encountered during childhood is Acute otitis media (AOM),commonly referred to as middle ear infection.In US, children aged through 0 to 4 years, the health care visits with AOM as primary diagnosis was 575 per 1000 visits in 2007. AOM begins as an upper respiratory tract infection that can lead to Eustachian tube dysfunction which can eventually result in hearing loss in children[1,3]To mother,the benefits of breast feeding include increased physiologic postpartum recovery and reduced long term risk of obesity,osteoporosis and breast and ovarian cancers[1]. As recommended by HHS Healthy people 2010 goals, one of the consequences of continued breastfeeding beyond six months is compromised dental health. However there is no valid link has been made between breastfeeding and dental cavities^[1,4].

Keywords

Breastfeeding, Nutrition, Oral Microbiome.

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P. Sangeetha Priya ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ¹, Karthika Nagarajan ¹, K. M. K. Masthan ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Epithelial dysplasia, a tearm becoming increasingly referred to as intraepithelial neoplasia, is the sum of various disturbances of epithelial proliferation and differentiation as seen microscropically. Individual cellular feature of dysplasia are called epithelial atypia. Studying on individual dysplastic feature in microscope is a little difficult during the early period on viewing neoplastic tissue when comparing to the normal structure. This article briefly views on each dysplastic features along with referral hand drawn images for easy understanding.

Keywords

Dysplasia, Pleomorphism, Nucleus, Atypia.

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Pavan Kumar Namdar ¹, B. Krishna Prasanth ², N. Aravindha Babu ³, M. Prabakaran ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sree Balaji Medical College & Hospital, IN
2 COCPAR, IN
3 Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, IN
4 Department of Radiodiagnosis, Sree Balaji Medical College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, IN

Abstract

Eagle syndrome is group of symptoms caused by an elongated ossified styloid process, the cause of which remains unclear. This is a rare finding that often goes undetected in the absence of radiographic studies. Eagle syndrome can occur unilaterally or bilaterally and most frequently results in symptoms of dysphagia, headache, pain on rotation of the neck, pain on extension of the tongue, change in voice, and a sensation of hypersalivation. In this case, we present the diagnostic CT and lateral view plain film radiography findings of a 42-year-old woman with clinical evidence of Eagle syndrome.

Keywords

Eagle’s Syndrome, Styloid Process Elongation , Stylohyoid Ligament Ossification.

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Y. Sri Janani ¹, R. Ishwarya ¹, Srilatha ¹, B. Krishna Prasanth ², N. Aravindha Babu ³

Affiliations
1 MERF Institute of Speech and Hearing, Chennai, IN
2 COCPAR, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute Of Higher Education & Research, IN
3 Department of Oral Pathology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education & Research, IN

Abstract

Dysphagia is a growing concern in patients with tongue cancer that leads to malnutrition, dehydration, weight loss, reduced functional abilities, and fear of eating and drinking which can also lead to depression and reduced quality of life. Glossectomy is removal of the entire or parts of the tongue which may lead to difficulty in swallowing, speech, breathing activities etc. Rehabilitating patients with glossectomy pose a great challenge for the clinicians and hence a careful observation and evaluation of residual oral function should be always carried out in such patients. This article throws light on management of swallowing difficulty secondary to hemi-mandibuloglossectomy in a 79 year old male patient with tracheostomy and Ryle’s Naso-Gastric tube with the attempt of restoring the speech and function of the patient through speech and swallowing therapy.

Keywords

Dysphagia, Mandibulo Glossectomy, Aspiration.

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N. Anitha ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ¹, L. Malathi ¹, E. Rajesh ¹

Affiliations
1 Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental college and hospital, BIHER, IN

Abstract

Pigmentation of oral mucosa occurs due to accumulation of pigments and thereby leading to colour change. Pigmented lesions of oral cavity can be physiologic or pathologic. The pigments causing discolouration can be either from external sources (exogenous) or internal sources(endogenous). Certain drugs can also cause pigmentation of the oral mucosa. Benign and malignant tumours of melanocytic origin can also be pigmented in nature. Endocrine diseases (adrenal) can also cause pigmentation. Diagnosing pigmented lesions requires thorough knowledge of various causes and proper diagnosis is important for planning the treatment.

Keywords

Pigmentation, Pigments, Melanocytes.

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L. Malathi ¹, N. Anitha ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ¹, K. M. K. Masthan ¹

Affiliations
1 Dept of Oral Pathology Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

People use mouth rinses as a part of their oral hygiene in their day to day life. Although rinses impart some benefits to users, improper use of mouth rinses may result in various side effects1. Usually mouthwashes are antiseptic solutions intended to reduce the microbial load in the oral cavity, although other mouthwashes might be given for other reasons such as for their analgesic, anti- inflammatory or anti-fungal action.

Keywords

Mouth Wash, Oral Hygiene, Anti Septic, Allergic Reaction.

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G. Nishanth ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ¹, N. Anitha ¹, L. Malathi ¹

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education (BIHER) Chennai, IN

Abstract

Periodontal abscess is the third most frequent dental emergency, representing 7–14% of all the dental emergencies.. Numerous aetiologies have been implicated. The diagnosis is done by the analysis of the signs and symptoms and by the usage of supplemental diagnostic aids. The treatment of the periodontal abscess has been a challenge for many decades. In the past, the periodontal abscess in periodontal diseased teeth was the main reason for tooth extraction. Today, three therapeutic approaches are being discussed in dentistry, that include, drainage and debridement, systemic antibiotics and periodontal surgical procedures which are applied in the chronic phase of the disease.The localization of the acute periodontal abscess and the possibility of obtaining drainage are essential considerations for successful treatment.The aim of this review is to give a clear idea about periodontal abscess and its management.

Dento alveolar abscess is the third most frequent dental crisis, representing to 7–14% of all the dental crises.. Various aetiologies have been involved. The diagnosis is done by the examination of the signs and manifestations and by the utilization of supplemental diagnostic guides. The treatmen has been a challenge for a long time. Before, this in periodontal diseased teeth was the fundamental purpose behind tooth extraction. Today, three remedial methodologies are being examined in dentistry, that incorporate, drainage and debridement, systemic antibiotics and periodontal surgeries which are applied in the incessant period of the disease.The restriction of the acute dentoalveolar abscess and the plausibility of acquiring drainage are basic contemplations for effective treatment.The point of this review is to give a reasonable thought regarding periodontal abscess and its management.

Keywords

Abscess, Dental Emergencies, Periodontitis, Vitality Test.

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G. Nishanth ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ¹, E. Rajesh ¹, K. M. K. Masthan ¹

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education (BIHER) Chennai, IN

Abstract

The terms oral lichenoid reactions or oral lichenoid lesions refer to histologically and clinically similar to oral lichen planus. These lesions are described according to the causative factor involved, including direct contact with dental restoration materials, drug-related lesions, and lesions associated to graft-versus-host disease. Drug-induced oral lichenoid reactions were first cited in 1971 by Almeyda and Levantine. Since then, many drug substances have been associated with such lesions. The most common agents are NSAIDs and ACE inhibitors.

Keywords

Lichen Planus, Lichenoid Reaction, Dental Materials, NSAIDs.

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A. M. Sherene Christina Roshini ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², Karthika Nagarajan ³, K. M. K. Masthan ⁴

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Combination of telecommunications and dentistry such as exchanging clinical information and images over remote areas for dental consultation and treatment planning is known as Teledentistry. It has the capacity of improving the access and delivery of oral health care at lower price. It has a potentiality to eradicate the discrepancy in oral health care between rural and urban areas. This review article discusses about the scope, origin, requirements of teledentistry along with ethical and legal issues. This article also reviews about the teleconsultation methods and applications of teledentistry in rural and urban areas.

Keywords

Teledentistry, Telemedicine, Microphone, Headset or External Speaker.

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Sudakshina Mukherjee ¹, M. K. Masthan ², R. Jayasri Krupaa ³, N. Aravindha Babu ⁴

Affiliations
1 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Professor and Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
3 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
4 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

It is this branch of dentistry where research meets practice, and thus unique and rare in its own way. This science investigates the causes, processes, and effects of the disease affecting oral and maxillofacial region. It is the backbone of dental science and bridge between dental and medical sciences. So Oral pathologists can be called as an epitome of research in dentistry, given the large area available for researches and vast area of issue to be explored regarding the pathophysiology of diseases related. They also play a vital role in diagnosis and treatment planning sometimes guiding the oral and maxillofacial surgeons in their surgical procedures since they have the distinction of meeting patients, observing the clinical presentation of the disease process, investigating the cause of the pathology and determining the final histological diagnosis based on clinico-radiologic-pathologic correlation.

Keywords

Oral Pathology, Diagnosis, Oral Mucosa.

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R. Hariharan ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ¹, R. JayasriKrupaa ¹, K. M. K. Masthan ²

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Department of Oral pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Diabetes is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of metabolic disorders manifested by abnormally high levels of glucose in the blood. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease affecting all age groups. There are 2 major types of diabetes mellitus are type I, Insulin dependent type and type II, Non insulin dependent type. Gestational diabetes is a state of abnormal glucose tolerance during pregnancy. It is one of the major disease increasing the mortality and morbidity worldwide.Hyperglycemia in diabetes is caused by insulin deficiency and insulin resistance. The common oral manifestations in diabetics are periodontal diseases, fungal infection, salivary dysfunction, burning mouth syndrome, delayed wound healing etc.This article aims to review and increase the awareness among the dental professionals about oral manifestations and complications of diabetes mellitus.

Keywords

Hyperglycaemia, Xerostomia, Burning Mouth Syndrome, Periodontitis.

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R. Hariharan ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ¹, R. Jayasri Krupaa ¹, K. M. K. Masthan ²

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Kidney disease is a worldwide disease, with higher rate of increasing incidence and prevalence. Chronic renal failure is adisease in which chronic destruction of nephrons occurs and ends up in irreversible loss of kidney function associated with reduced Glomerular Filtration Rate(GFR). Renal function is measured using GFR by estimating Creatine Clearance(CC). Patients suffering from End Stage Renal Disease(ESRD) may also encounter with hypertension, anaemia, infection, risk of bleeding, adverse effects of drugs and several other oral manifestation. Chronic renal failure cause various oral manifestations which affect both teeth and their surrounding tissues. The aim of this article is to provide knowledge for dentist regarding the association between renal diseases and their oral manifestation and to provide guidelines for managing these patients by improving the dental protocols for those patients. By improving the treatment protocol and oral hygiene of these patients, dentist can be able to prevent endocarditis and septicaemia.

Keywords

Chronic Renal Failure, Creatinine Clearance, Dialysis, Xerostomia.

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Ryhanath Gulshan ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ¹, E. Rajesh ¹, K. M. K. Masthan ¹

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education, Chennai, IN

Abstract

It is a well-known fact that many systemic diseases are manifested in the oral cavity. The ideal management for treating such manifestations is treating the primary cause first and then providing local therapy if needed. 1Systemic disease which a dentist can encounter in his practice is chronic renal failure (CRF) or end stage renal disease (ESRD).Renal failure is an uncommon condition when compared with ischemic heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer and, therefore, may appear to be a relatively minorpublic health problem.

Keywords

Renalfailure, Dialysis, Oral Health.

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P. Sangeetha Priya ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ¹, E. Rajesh ², N. Anitha ²

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Palatal swellings can at times be a challenging task for a clinician to diagnose. A mass or swelling of the palate can result from developmental, inflammatory, reactive or a neoplastic process. In differential diagnosis, swellings of origin must be considered for diagnosis and treatment. This article reviews various non-neoplastic palatal swellings.

Keywords

Palatal Swelling, Palate, Begin, Non-Neoplastic.

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P. Sangeetha Priya ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ¹, E. Rajesh ¹, L. Malathy ²

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

TMJ is a unique joint in which translatory as well as rotational movements are possible and where both the ends of bone articulate, in the same plane, with that of other bone. It is a hinge that connect the jaw to the temporal bones of the skull,which are in front of each ear. Temperomandibular joint (TMJ) diseases and disorders are refered to a complex and less understood set of conditions,and disorders of TMJ are manifested by pain in the area of the jaw and associated muscles, and limitations in the ability to make the normal movements of speech, facial expression, eating, chewing, and swallowing. Among the various disorders of TMJ this article is focused on a brief review on TMJ Arthritis.

Keywords

TMJ, Arthritis, Disorder, TMJ Pain.

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A. M. Sherene Christina Roshini ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ¹, R. Jayasri Krupaa ¹, K. M. K. Masthan ²

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Department of Oral pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Various dental materials used in dentistry has a potentiality to cause allergic reaction of oral cavity in patients. Certain materials can cause allergic reaction to dentists and technicians. The most common allergic reactions seen in dentists and other dental staffs are allergies to latex, acrylates and formaldehyde. While polymethylmethacrylates and latex trigger delayed hypersensitivity reactions, sodium metabisulphite and nickel cause immediate reactions. Dentists should have proper knowledge about the allergic reactions to dental materials in patients because over the last few years there is a rise in number of patients. Dental materials are suspected to have biocompatibility problems. The materials are composites, latex gloves, local anaesthetic agents, endodontic materials, impression materials and metals. In order to manage the allergic condition, clinician should know about the documented allergic reactions so that they can frame the treatment plan accordingly.

Keywords

Allergic Reaction, Hypersensitivity, Lichenoid Reaction.

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Jayasri Krupaa ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ², B. Krishna Prashanth ³, E. P. Sridevi Anjuga ⁴, K. M. K. Masthan ⁵

Affiliations
1 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, BIHER, Chennai, IN
2 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, BIHER, Chennai, IN
3 Asst. Professor Epidermiology, Research Faculty COCPAR, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, BIHER, Chennai, IN
4 Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, BIHER, Chennai, IN
5 Professor & Head of the Department, Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, BIHER, Chennai, IN

Abstract

Alternative medicine is the term that describes medical treatment which helps to attain the healing effects of medicine, it includes a group of medical and health care system and practices but lacks in evidence-based information, safety and drug interactions. The healing methods of alternative medicine includes both natural and spiritual ways. Since ancient time the alternative medicines have come into our practice and till today it is being practiced all over the world.Alternative medicine has gained more popularity all over the world and in recent times alternative medicines are included in many fields including dentistry. This article reviews about impact of alternative medicine in treating oral diseases.

Keywords

Alternative Medicine, Dentistry, Yoga, Oral Diseases.

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A. M. Sherene Christina Roshini ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ¹, R. JayasriKrupaa ¹, K. M. K. Masthan ²

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

Generally, drug induced reactions are more commonly seen in population. Certain drugs have the capacity to cause pathologic reactions in the oral and perioral region.Drug induced diseases can help the clinician to determine the relationship with a particular group of drugs. The underlying mechanism is unknown but the final outcome of the disease can be predicted by pharmacodynamics and/or pharmacokinetics. Xerostomia, Swelling, Dysguesia, Nonspecific Ulceration, Vesiculobullous or ulcerative mucositis, pigmentation of mucosa, Gingival enlargement, oral malodour, taste alterations, discoloration of teeth are the clinical presentation of drug induced reaction. This review article gives a brief description about the diseases caused by drugs, so that dentists can update their knowledge for a better diagnosis and treatment.

Keywords

Adverse Drug Reactions, Drug Induced Xerostomia, Salivary Gland Diseases.

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A. M. Sherene Christina Roshini ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ¹, R. JayasriKrupaa ¹, K. M. K. Masthan ²

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN
2 Department of Oral pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, IN

Abstract

On examination, lymph node enlargement may be an incidental finding, or may be associated with a patient complaint. Over half of the patients examined every day may have enlarged lymph nodes in the head and neck region. Oral health care providers must able to determine when lymphadenopathy should be investigated further since it has a high frequency of occurrence. But it is the duty of the clinician to search for a precipitating cause and examine other nodal locations to exclude generalized lymphadenopathy. Generally lymph node larger than 1 cm in diameter is considered as an abnormal lymph node. Malignancy should be considered when palpable lymph nodes are identified in the supraclavicular region, or when nodes are rock hard, rubbery, or fixed in consistency. Patients with unexplained localized cervical lymphadenopathy presenting with a benign clinical picture should be observed for a 2- to 4-week period. This article reviews common causes of lymphadenopathy, and clinical approach to a patient with cervical lymphadenopathy.

Keywords

Cervical Lymphadenopathy, Toxoplasmosis, Tuberculosis.

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E. Vinesh ¹, S. Janani ², M. Sathish Kumar ³, N. Aravindha Babu ⁴, E. Rajesh ⁵

Affiliations
1 Reader, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences, Chennai, IN
2 Senior Lecturer, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences, Chennai, IN
3 Professor and Head of the Dept, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Dental Sciences, Chennai, IN
4 Professor, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education (BIHER), Chennai, IN
5 Reader, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharat Institute of Higher Education (BIHER), Chennai, IN

Abstract

Hidradenoma refers to a benign adnexal tumor of apical sweat gland. It is often cutaneous, benign tumor of sweat glands. Other names of it are nodular hidradenoma, eccrine acrospiroma, and solid cystic hidradenoma. Lesions are commonly seen on the head, face, extremities and are rarely seen in oral cavity. Clinical appearance of hidradenoma is not specific, but can be diagnosed histopathologically, after complete removal of the lesion. Histopathologically, it has a striking resemblance to salivary gland pathology. A 75 Year old male patient reported with an extra oral swelling near the lip region. Clinical diagnosis was found to be different when compared to the histopathological diagnosis. Management includes wide local excision.

Keywords

Hidradenoma, Hemangioma, Papilloma, Myoepithelial Cells.

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E. P. Sridevi Anjuga ¹, N. Aravindha Babu ²

Affiliations
1 Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Chennai, BIHER, IN
2 Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College & Hospital, Chennai, BIHER, IN

Abstract

Descriptive pathology is essential for writing histopathological reports. It is often performed the pressure of time and accuracy. Precision is important because the patient is still alive and the pathologists must act quickly on the diagnosis. Most of the reports are reviewed and produced by a single pathologist. Therefore, it is possible to make errors or mistakes. Therefore, it is usually possible to make mistakes in writing a biopsy report A clear unambiguous writing style is important to meet the report’s requirements. This review article provides a comprehensive review of different parameters to be considered in writing oral lesion histopathology report

Keywords

Biopsy, Reports, Pathology, Diagnosis.

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Shyam Sundar Behura ¹, Shirsha Mukherjee ², Roquaiya Nishat ³, Lipsa Bhuyan ⁴, N. Aravindha Babu ⁵

Affiliations
1 Reader, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IN
2 Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Vananchal Dental College and Hospital, Garhwa, Jharkhand, IN
3 Senior Resident, Department of Dentistry, Nalanda Medical College Hospital, Patna, Bihar, IN
4 Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Kalinga Institute of Dental Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, IN
5 Professor, Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, SreeBalaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Aim & Objectives: To assess the awareness of patient’s dental record maintenance among BDS students and to evaluate their knowledge regarding the potential use of their maintained records in forensic identification.

Materials and Method: Data was collected by means of a self administered questionnaire consisting of 24 closed ended questions, addressed on the awareness about patient’s dental record maintenance and its importance in forensic needs among 3^rd, 4^th year BDS students and interns of a private dental college.

Results: 73.1% of the respondents were aware that dentists were legally bound to maintain records in India and 83.5% were aware that these could contribute towards forensic investigations. Most of the students were aware of how to maintain dental records in an institution. 67.4% of the study population felt the need to store records for a minimum of 5 years. 65-70 % had knowledge regarding denture markers and role of implants in forensic identification. The most perceived barrier to good dental record keeping was lack of time according to most of the students.

Conclusion: The survey revealed awareness on the importance of dental records in forensic identification among BDS students. Few areas showed inadequate knowledge, thus mandating an utmost need to train dental students in this field. Newer methods like denture marking and Aadhar number in corpoartion in prostheses should be given importance.

Keywords

Aadhar Number, Denture Markers, Dental Records, Forensic Odontology, Undergraduate Dental Students.

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