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Modi, P.
- Comparative Study of Sensory Threshold between Neurologically Asymptomatic Diabetics and Normals
Authors
1 Dept. of Physiotherapy, Pad. Dr. D Y Patil University, IN
Source
Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy-An International Journal, Vol 6, No 1 (2012), Pagination: 136-138Abstract
Background
Loss of protective sensation is the primary factor in diabetic foot ulcers. Hence, formation of foot ulcers leads to diabetic foot complications resulting in amputation. Early detection and appropriate treatment of these ulcers may prevent up to 85 percent of amputations.
Aims & Objectives
To compare the sensory thresholds between neurologically asymptomatic diabetics and normal’s of similar age groups, to identify any correlation between duration of diabetes and rise in sensory threshold and to determine the site in the foot with the highest degree of sensory threshold.
Material and Methods
30 patients with neurologically asymptomatic diabetic neuropathy and 30 normal’s were selected. 6 different sites in the foot were chosen and an Electrical muscle stimulator was used at direct current mode to measure the sensory threshold.
Results
Analysis of data gathered during the tests performed at the chosen 6 sites in the foot revealed that that there is a statistically significant increase ( p < 0.05) in the sensory threshold in neurologically asymptomatic diabetes as compared to normals. There was also a high degree of correlation (87.06%) between the duration of diabetes and rise in sensory threshold. Statistical analysis of data pertaining to sensory threshold at difference sites revealed that there is significant difference in the sensory threshold at different sites with the heel having the highest mean value of 37.3 and the medial malleolus having the lowest mean value of 15.1.
Conclusion
The study shows that the sensory threshold gets significantly affected in asymptomatic diabetics. Patients suffering from diabetes over a longer period are more likely to have an increase in their sensory threshold. The study also reveals that the Heel has the highest sensory threshold among the sites studied in the feet.
Keywords
Diabetic Neuropathy, Sensory Threshold, Diabetic Foot, Electrical Muscle StimulatorReferences
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- Climate Change and the Patent Regime:Are Patents the Answer?
Authors
1 Jindal Global University, Sonipat Narela Road, Sonipat, Haryana 131 001, Haryana, IN
Source
Journal of Intellectual Property Rights, Vol 23, No 1 (2018), Pagination: 22-26Abstract
Next to nuclear annihilation, climate change poses the greatest threat to life as we know it. Climate refugees are becoming a reality and it is expected that by 2050 most of the Pacific Islands will be under water. Forward-thinking nations have made it their agenda to curb the effects of climate change and ensure the reduction in emissions of greenhouse gases.1 To effectively combat climate change, the deployment of clean energy technologies to combat the effect of carbon emissions from fossil fuelshas been the tool of choice.2 Accelerated development and deployment of these clean energy technologies is imperative. The public and private sectors must boost the creation and distribution of clean as well as environmentally sound technologies – something along the magnitude and scale of the space race during the cold war. Addressing the threats posed by climate change requires a portfolio of processes such as extensive introduction of new technologies and modification of existing technologies while also creating optimum environments. The role of intellectual property3 pertaining to clean energy technologies becomes of utmost importance. The patent regime, by its very nature, can either be seen as a hindrance or an incentive for the development of new technology.4 This means that an argument can be raised that patents would hinder climate change mitigations as clean technology is patented and licensing it would prove costly. On the other hand, patents will incentivize innovation and therefore lead to advanced technologies to combat climate change.4 The paper, refutes the former and argues that patents are essential and rebut the presumption that patents will increase prices. The paper explains, with examples, how the holy trinity of patent pools, patent databases and compulsory licensing will help make the clean energy technology competitive and accessible. The future and the applicability of fair, reasonable and nondiscriminatory (FRAND) licensing to standardised clean energy technology are also discussed. The paper is concluded with an affirmation that patents are the answer to climate change.Keywords
TRIPS Agreement, World Intellectual Property Organization, RE100, FRAND Licensing, Greenhouse Gases, Clean Energy Technologies, Climate Mitigation, Intellectual Property Rights, Pharmaceutical Industry, Patent Pool, Patent Databases, Compulsory Licensing.References
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