Informatics Publishing Limited

K. Thangavel ¹, R. K. Murali Baskaran ¹, P. Parthiban ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Entomology, Agricultural College and Research Institute, (T.N.A.U.), Madurai (T.N.), IN

Abstract

Laboratory studies were carried out to assess the contact toxicity of emamectin benzoate 5 WG to workers of Indian bee, Apis cerana indica and Italian bee, Apis mellifera. Emamectin benzoate 5 WG to Indian bees showed that there was no mortality in emamectin benzoate 5 WG @ 100 and 125 g/ha, while emamectin benzoate 5 WG @ 150 g/ha caused 10.00 per cent at 6 (Hours after Treatment) HAT, and it increased to 6.67, 16.67 and 23.33 per cent, respectively after 24 HAT. However, standard insecticides lufenuron 5 EC @ 600 ml/ha, chlorantroniliprole 18.5 SC @ 150 ml/ha and spinosad 45 SC @ 125 ml/ha caused increased mortality of 30.00, 50.00 and 70.00 per cent, respectively. The mortality increased as the time of exposure increased from 6 to 24 HAT. Similar trend was also observed in Italian bees. Hence, emamectin benzoate 5 WG considered could be highly safe to both the species of honey bees than standard insecticides.

Keywords

Emamectin Benzoate, Honey Bees, Safety, Toxicity.

Full Text

     

Sumanta Kumar Show ¹, P. Parthiban ²

Affiliations
1 Research Scholar, Electrical And Electronics Engg. Department, NITK Surathkal, Mangalore- 575025, IN
2 Assistant Professor, Electrical And Electronics Engg. Department, NITK Surathkal, Mangalore- 575025, IN

Abstract

Series Resonant Converters (SRC) popularly known as Line Level Controlled (LLC) converters are the most suitable topology of DC-DC power supply. The closed loop voltage regulation of a Half-Bridge (HB) Line-Level-Controlled (LLC) converter using PI controller is presented in this paper. Major objective of PI controller is to modulate frequency and duty ratio of gate signals. A voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is generating the gating signals which will drive the MOSFETs for getting a regulated output voltage. The optimum LLC switching frequency ranges are derived so that converter can operate at higher efficiency. In this converter the primary switches (MOSFET) are operated with Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) and secondary switches (Diodes) with Zero Current Switching (ZCS) to have lower losses and hence to obtain higher efficiency. Finally the theoretical results are verified by simulating the converter in MATLAB1/SimulinkTM circuit Simulator. The results obtained from simulation clearly signify the controller performance for adjustment of output voltage in case of variation in input line voltage and output current through the load. If the above observations are looked closely then it clearly indicates that the controller is executing the functions of regulating the output voltage. Whenever there is any variations in input line and output load then the output voltage across the load is able to follow the reference signal.

Keywords

SRC, FB and HB topology, ZVS, ZCS, PI controller

Full Text