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Vandana Swarnkar ¹, Radha Tomar ¹, Nishi Agarwal ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Studies in Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P., IN

Abstract

In recent years growth of industries has led to introduction of pollutants in nature, especially the heavy metal ions like Cr(III) and As(V) usually present in many waste water. Heavy metal containing waste is generated from industries like metallurgical, mining, chemical, leather, distilleries, sugar, battery, electroplating and pigments. Chromium is found in natural water in oxidation states Cr(III) and Cr(VI). The former is essential elements for mammals where as the later is reported to be toxic. Same as arsenic is an ubiquitous contaminant which can be found at high concentrations in natural waters and wastewaters. Arsenic containing waste streams are generated mainly by the microelectronic industry and by pesticide and pharmaceutical facilities. It occurs in two oxidation states that form oxyanions, arsenate As(V), and arsenite As(III); arsenite is more mobile and toxic than AsO₄ ^-3. As arsenic is a major hazardous contaminant for the human health, its removal is an issue of increasing concern. Zeolite are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicate containing exchangeable alkaline and alkaline earth cations in their structural frameworks. Since zeolite have permanent negative charge on their surfaces, they have no affinity for anions. However recent studies have shown that modification of zeolite with certain surfactants or metal cations yield sorbents with a strong affinity for many anions. Zeolite has high internal and external surface areas and high internal and external cation exchange capacities suitable for the surface modification by cationic surfactant (HDTMA). When the initial surfactant concentration is less than the critical micellar concentration (CMC), the sorted surfactant molecules primarily form a monolayer, limited chromate and arsenate sorption indicates that the patchy bilayer may also be formed. When the surfactant concentration is greater than the critical micellar concentration and enough surfactant exist in the system, the sorbed surfactant molecules form bilayer, producing maximum chromate and arsenate sorption. Quantitative sorption of chromate and arsenate and desorption of bromide ions indicate that the sorption of oxoanions is primarily due to surface anion exchange.

Keywords

Sorption, Ion Exchange, HDTMA, CMC.

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Vandana Swarnkar ¹, Radha Tomar ¹

Affiliations
1 S.O.S. in Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, M.P., IN

Abstract

Zeolites are hydrated crystalline aluminosilicate containing exchangeable alkaline and alkaline earth cations in their structural frameworks. Since zeolite have permanent negative charges on their surfaces, they have no affinity for anions. However recent studies have shown that modification of zeolites with certain surfactants or metal cations yield sorbents with a strong affinity for many anions. In this paper, modification of zeolites ERIONITE (E), COWLESITE (C), WILLHENDERSONITE (W) were performed by exchange of naturally occurring cations with HDTMA-Br ion. The exchanged zeolites were used to sorbs chromate from aqueous solution. Among parameters investigated were effect of pH, chromate initial concentrations, contact time and temperature. The maximum exchange capacity of HDTMA exchanged zeolite was obtained when using solution with initial pH of 5. Zeolite (C) gives highest HDTMA exchanged capacity compared to other zeolites. The results showed that Cr(VI) sorption by surfactant modified zeolites occurred at about pH 5 and increased as pH increased and reaching maximum at equilibrium pH increased and reaching maximum at equilibrium pH about 7. On the other hand, almost no chromate sorption occurred unexchanged zeolites. This indicates that HDTMA ion exchanged zeolites is taking part on Cr (VI) sorption via surface precipitation. The results also showed that the sorption capacities of 0.41, 0.21, and 0.19 mmol/g at 25^oC for HDTMA – exchanged zeolite (ERI- SMZ) HDTMA-E, HDTMA – exchanged zeolite(COW-SMZ) HDTMA–C and HDTMA – exchanged zeolite (WILL- SMZ) HDTMA-W .The amounts of sorption of Cr(VI) by HDTMA exchanged zeolite increased as temperature increased from 15^oC to 35^oC indicating that the process is endothermic. The free energy change (ΔG^o) for the sorption at 25^oC were -1.01, -24.06 and -24.56 KJ/mol for HDTMA- E, HDTMA-C and HDTMA-W, respectively. The negative values of (ΔG^o) meant that the sorption of Cr(VI) ion on HDTMA–exchanged zeolite was spontaneous perhaps because the HDTMA-Br had high affinity towards the chromium ion as indicated by a low Ksp value of HDTMA chromate. A slightly positive entropy change for sorption of Cr (VI) ion on HDTMA– exchanged Zeolite could be due to fixation of the ions on the HDTMA exchanged sites that was randomly distributed on the sorbents. The kinetic study showed that the Cr (VI) sorption followed first–order kinetic constants for the sorption are 11.7 X 10-3, 56.9 X 10-3 and 8.1 X 10-3min-1 for HDTMA-E, HDTMA-C, and HDTMA- W respectively.

Keywords

HDTMA-Exchanged Zeolite, Sorption, Thermodynamic, Kinetics.

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S. S. Tomar ¹, Radha Tomar ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Physics, S. L .P. Govt. P. G. College, Gwalior-474006 (M.P.), IN
2 S.O.S. in Chemistry, Jiwaji University, Gwalior-474011 (M.P.), IN

Abstract

An ultrasonic grating acts as a sensor to evaluate adulteration in liquids. The method on physical optics in combination with ultrasonic grating has been used to diagnose adulteration in liquid mixtures for the present study. In this method separation between the diffracted dots depends upon the concentration or density or the refractive index of the adulterants. The variation of successive diffracted dots with concentration is sensitive enough to detect very small amount of adulteration. Light is diffracted due to ultrasonic grating and the separation of diffracted dots observed on the screen is a measure of adulteration in liquid mixtures.

Keywords

Acousto-Optics, Ultrasonic Grating, Diffraction, Adulteration.

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