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Kumaresan, S.
- Anti-Convulsant Activity of Different Extracts of Centella asiatica and Bacopa monnieri in Animals
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Journal of Natural Remedies, Vol 2, No 1 (2002), Pagination: 33-41Abstract
Objective: To evaluate anti-convulsant profile of different extracts of Centella asiatica and Bacopa monnieri in rats. Materials and methods: The effects of single oral administration of different preparations of C.asiatica and B.monnieri were evaluated for their anticonvulsant profile in the Maximal Electroshock Seizure (MES) in rats at 1, 3, 6, and 24 h after administration and Pentylene tetrazole (PTZ) test in mice and rats. The ED50 dose of Phenytoin (30 mg/kg) was used for comparison. Results: The crude drug of C.asiatica (500 mg/kg) showed mild to moderate anticonvulsant activity, from 1 h to 24 h. The methanolic extract of C.asiatica (CA-I) showed higher activity than the crude drug at 3 and 6 h, but there was no anti-convulsant activity at 1 h. The solubulised extract of C.asiatica (CA-II) (using Cresmer RH 40 and propylene glycol) at 500 and 1000 mg/kg, also showed a similar profile of activity which was dose-dependent. The crude drug of B.monnieri (500 mg/kg) showed mild to moderate activity from 1 h to 6 h but there was no activity at 24 h. The methanolic extract of B.monnieri (BM-I) (which was later partitioned between butanol and water) showed a lesser degree of activity only at 3 h and 6 h. The solubilised extract of B.monnieri (BM-II) (500 mg/kg) showed mild to moderate activity at 3 h and 6 h with minimal activity at 24 h. At 1000 mg/kg, a comparatively higher degree of activity was seen at 1 h - 6h but not at 24 h. The activity of B.monnieri was almost equivalent to Phenytoin at 6 h. In the Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) chemoshock seizure test, no activity was detected for both plants (500 mg/kg). Conclusion: Overall, B.monnieri has a faster onset of action and time/dose responses were qualitatively similar to Phenytoin, while C.asiatica had quantitatively lesser activity but had a longer duration of action.Keywords
Centella Asiatica, Bacopa Monnieri, Anti-convulsant Activity, Maximal Electroshock Seizure (MES), Pentylene Tetrazole. (PTZ)- DNA Damage by Sodium Arsenite in Experimental Rats: Ameliorative Effects of Antioxidant Vitamins C and E
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PDF Views:159
Authors
Affiliations
1 Dept. Of Plant biology & Plant Biotechnol., RKM. Vivekananda College, Mylapore, Chennai 600 004, IN
2 Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, US
1 Dept. Of Plant biology & Plant Biotechnol., RKM. Vivekananda College, Mylapore, Chennai 600 004, IN
2 Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, US
Source
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 3, No 3 (2010), Pagination: 322-327Abstract
Serious health problems in humans are caused by arsenic-exposure, which is wide spread in the environment. Sodium arsenite, capable of inducing macromolecular damage is evaluated for its DNA damaging effect in the blood, liver, kidney and bone marrow cells of Wistar rats. Also the ameliorative potential of a-tocopherol (400 mg/kg body weight) and ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg body weight) supplemented orally to arsenic-intoxicated rats (100 ppm in drinking water for thirty days) in neutralizing the genotoxic effect of arsenite was explored. Detection of DNA damage at cellular level is evaluated by single cell gel electrophoresis or comet assay, under alkaline conditions. This study demonstrated that dietary supplementation of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E could ameliorate arsenite induced toxicity in experimental rats.Keywords
Arsenic, Antioxidants, Ascorbic Acid, Comet Assay, DNA Damage, Genotoxicity, in vivo, α- TocopherolReferences
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- Burton GW, Joycen A and Ingold KU (1983) Is vitamin E the only lipid soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in human blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes? Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 221, 281-290.
- Cebrian M (1993) Heavy Metals. In: Environmental Epidemiology. Finkelman J, Correy G & Calderon R (eds.). A project for Latin America and the Caribbean metepec, Mexico: Pan American Centre for Human Ecology and Health, WHO. pp: 95-145.
- Chen CJ, Hsu LI, Wang CH, Shih WL, Hsu YH, Tseng MP, Lin YC, Chou WL, Chen CY, Lee CY, Wang LH, Cheng YC, Chen CL, Chen SY, Wang YH, Hsueh YM, Chiou HY and Wu MM (2005) Biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility of arsenic-induced health hazards in Taiwan. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 206(2), 198-206.
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- Gamble MV, Liu X, Ahsan H, Pilsner R, Ilievski V, Slavkovich V, Parvez F, Levy D, Factor-Litvak P and Graziano JH (2005) Folate, homocysteine, and arsenic metabolism in arsenic-exposed individuals in Bangladesh. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(12),1683-1688.
- Gibson RS and Gage LA (1982) Changes in hair arsenic levels in breast and bottle fed infants during the first year of infancy. Sci. Total Environ. 26, 33.
- Goyer RA, Cherian MG, Jones MM and Reigart JR (1995) Role of Chelating agents for prevention, intervention and treatment of experimental toxic agents. Environ Health Perspect. 105, 1048-1052.
- Guha Mazumdar DN, Chakraborty AK, Ghose A, Gupta JD, Chakraborty DP and Dey SB (1988) Chronic arsenic toxicity from drinking water in rural West Bengal. Bull. World Health Org. 66, 499-506.
- Gurr JR, Bau DT, Liu F, Lynn S and Jan KY (1999) Dithiothreitol enhances arsenic trioxide induced apoptosis in NB4 cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 56,102-109.
- Gurr JR, Liu F, Lynn S and Jan KY (1998) Calcium-dependent nitric oxide production is involved in arsenite-induced micronulei. Mutat. Res. 416,137-148.
- Halliwell B (1990) How to characterize a biological antioxidant. Free Radical Res. Commun. 9,1-32.
- Hei TK and Filipic M (2004) Role of oxidative damage in the genotoxicityof arsenic. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 37(5), 574-581.
- Hei TK, Liu SX and Waldren C (1998) Mutagenecity of arsenic in mammalian cells: Role of reactive oxygen species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95, 8103-8107.
- Hood RD, Vedel-Macrander GC, Zaworotko MJ, Tatum FM and Meck RG (1987) Distribution, metabolism and fetal uptake of pentavalent arsenic in pregnant mice following oral or intra peritoneal administration. Teratology 35, 19.
- Hopenhayn Rich C, Biggs ML and Smith AH (1998) Lung and kindey cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water in Cordoba, Argentina. Int. J. Epidemiol. 27, 561-569.
- Horswel EC, Howard JA and Ingold KU (1966) Alphatocopherol. Can. J. Chem. 44, 985-991.
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- Karasavvas N, Carcamo JM, Stratis G, Golde DW (2005) Vitamin C protects HL60 and U266 cell from arsenic toxicity. Blood. 105(10), 4004-4012.
- Kessel M, Liu SX, Xu A, Santella R and Hei TK (2002) Arsenic induces oxidative DNA damage in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell Biochem. 234-235(1-2), 301-308.
- Lee TC, Lee KC, Tzeng YJ, Hung RY and Jan KY (1986) Sodium arsenite potenitates the clastogenicity and mutagenicity of DNA crosslinking agents. Environ. mutagenesis. 8,19-128.
- Lee TC, Tseng SF, Chang YC, Lin KY and Jan MR (1996) Post treatment with sodium arsenite during G2 enhance the frequency of chromosomal aberrations induced by S-dependent clastogens. Mutat. Res. 163, 263-269.
- Liu F and Jan KY (2000) DNA damage in arsenite and cadmium- treated bovine aortic endothelial cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28, 55-63.
- Liu SX, Davidson MM, Tang X, Walker WF, Athar M, Ivanov V and Hei TK (2005) Mitochondrial damage mediates genotoxicity of arsenic in mammalian cells. Cancer Res. 65(8), 3236-3242.
- Luo ZD, Zhang YM, Ma L, Zhang ZY and He L (1997) Chronic arsenicism and cancer in inner Mangolia consequences of well- water arsenic level greater than 50 mu/l. In: Arsenic exposure and health effects. Abernathy Co, Claderon RC & Chappell WR (eds.), London: Chapman & Hall. pp:55-68.
- Lynn S, Gurr JR, Lai HT and Jan KY (2000) NADH oxidase activation is involved in arsenite-induced oxidative DNA damage in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Cir. Res. 86, 514-519.
- Lynn S, Lai HT, Gurr GR and Jan KY (1997) Arsenite retards DNA breaks rejoining by inhibiting DNA ligation. Mutagenesis. 12, 353-358.
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- Nishikimi M (1975) Oxidation of ascorbic acid with superoxide anion generated by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 63, 463-468.
- NRC (1999) Chemistry and analysis of arsenic species in water, food, urine, blood, hair and nails. In: Arsenic in drinking water (National Research Council, Eds.). National Acad. Press, Washington, DC. pp:27-82.
- Okui T and Fujiwara Y (1986) Inhibition of human excision DNA repair by inorganic arsenic and the co-mutagenic effect of C79 Chinese hamster cells. Mutat. Res.172, 69-76.
- Osborne ED (1925) Microchemical studies of arsenic in arsenical pigmentation and keratoses. Arch. Dermal Syph. 12, 773.
- Pradosh Roy and Anupama Saha (2002) Metabolism and toxicity of arsenic: A human carcinogen. Curr. Sci. 82(1), 38-45.
- Rahman MM, Sengupta MK, Ahamed S, Lodh D, Das B, Hossain MA, Nayak B, Mukherjee A, Chakraborti D, Mukherjee SC, Pati S, Saha KC, Palit SK, Kaies I, Barua AK and Asad KA (2005) Murshidabad-one of the nine groundwater arsenic-affected districts of West Bengal, India. Part I: magnitude of contamination and population at risk. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 43(7), 823-834.
- Ramanathan K, Anusuyadevi M, Shila S and Paneerselvam C (2005) Ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol as potent modulators of apoptosis on arsenic induced toxicity in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 156 (2), 297-306.
- Samokyszyn VM, Miller DM, Reif DW and Aust SD (1990) Iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation. In: Membrane lipid oxidation. Vol. 1. Vigo-Pelfrey C (ed), Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp:101-127.
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- Sharma MK and Buettner GR (1993) Interaction of vitamin C and vitamin E during free radical stress in plasma: an ESR study. Free Radical Biol. Med. 14, 649-653.
- Shaw WD, Walker M and Benson M (2005) Treating and drinking well water in the presence of health risks from arsenic contamination: results from a U.S. hot spot. Risk Anal. 25(6),1531-1543.
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- Singh NP and Mc Coy (1988) Metallothioneins. In: A simple technique for quantitation of low levels of DNA damage in individual cells. Tice RR & Schneider EL (eds.). Exp. Cell Res. 175,184-191.
- Smith AH, Goycolea M, Haque R and Biggs ML (1998) Marked increase in bladder and lung cancer mortality in a region of northern Chile due to arsenic in drinking water. Am. J. Epidemiol.147, 660-669.
- Stocken LA, and Thompson RHS (1946). Arsenic derivaties of thiol proteins. Biochem. J. 40, 548.
- Tseng CH, Huang YK, Huang YL, Chung CJ, Yang MH, Chen CJ and Hsuch YM (2006) Arsenic exposure, urinary arsenic speciation, and peripheral vascular disease inblackfoot disease-hyperendemic villages in Taiwan. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 211(2), 175.
- US. Environmental Protection Agency (2001) National primary drinking water regulations: Arsenic and clarifications to compliance and new source contaminants monitoring: Final rule (40 CFR Part 9, 142 and 142) fed. Reg66, 6975-7066.
- Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izkovic M and Mazur M (2006) Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Cancer Res. 160 (1),1-40.
- Wang TS and Huang H (1994) Active oxygen species are involved in the induction of micronuclei by arsenite in XRS-5 cells. Mutgenesis. 9, 253-257.
- Wei M, Arnold L, Cano M and Cohen SM (2005) Effects of co-administration of antioxidants and arsenicals on the rat urinary badder epithelium.Toxicol. Sci. 83(2), 237-245.
- Welch AH, Lico MS and Huges JL (1998) Arsenic in ground water of the western United States. Ground Water 26, 33-337.
- WHO (1993) Guidelines for drinking water quality. Vol. 1: Recommendations. 2d eds., Geneva.
- WHO (1981) Environmental health criteria – arsenic, Geneva.
- Yamanaka K and Okada S (1994) Induction of lung specific DNA damage by metabolically methylated arsenics via the production of free radicals.Environ.Health Perspect. 3, 37-40.
- Yamauchi H and Fowler BA (1994) Toxicity and metabolism of inorganic and methylated arsenicals. In: Arsenic in the environment, Part II: Human health and ecosystem effects. Nriagu JO (eds.), Wiley, NY. pp:35-43.
- Clastogenic Effect of Sodium Arsenite in Experimental Rats and Ameliorative Effects of Antioxidant Vitamins C and E
Abstract Views :453 |
PDF Views:119
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Biology & Plant Biotechnology, RKM. Vivekananda College, Mylapore, Chennai -600 004, IN
2 Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, South korea
1 Department of Plant Biology & Plant Biotechnology, RKM. Vivekananda College, Mylapore, Chennai -600 004, IN
2 Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, South korea
Source
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 3, No 6 (2010), Pagination: 642-647Abstract
Arsenic, an element ubiquitous in the environment, causes serious health problems in humans. The general population is more exposed to arsenic through drinking water than through air and food. Sodium arsenite, capable of inducing genotoxic effects through oxidative stress, is evaluated for its clastogenic effect by the formation of chromosomal aberrations in the bone marrow cells of Wistar rats. We also investigated whether the oral supplementation of α- tocopherol (400 mg/kg body weight) and ascorbic acid (200 mg/kg body weight) to arsenic-intoxicated rats (100 ppm in drinking water) for 30days, ameliorates arsenic-induced toxicity. We report that the dietary supplementation of antioxidants such as vitamins C and E could prevent sodium arsenite induced toxicity in rats under experimental conditions.Keywords
Arsenic, Genotoxicity, Ascorbic Acid, α-tocopherol, Chromosomal Aberrations, Vitamins, Rat, Bone MarrowReferences
- Albores A, Cebrian ME, Bach PH, Connelly JC, Hinton RH and Bridges JW (1989) Sodium arsenite induced alterations in bilirubin excretion and heme metabolism. J. Biochem. Toxicol. 4, 73-78.
- Anusuyadevi M, Jayachandran KS and Paneerselvam C (2008) Role of L-Carnitine and DL-a-Lipoic acid on EEG pattern in aged rat brain. Curr. Trend. Biotechnol. Pharm. 2(2), 277-285.
- Axelson O (1980) Arsenic compounds and cancer. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. 6,1229.
- Balakumar BS, Ramanathan K, Kumaresan S, Suresh R, (2010). DNA damage by Sodium arsenite in experimental rats: ameliorative effects of antioxidant vitamins C and E. Indian J Sci. Technol. 3 (3), 322-327.
- Ballentine R and Burford DD (1957) Determination of metals. Methods Enzymol. 3,1002-1035.
- Barchowsky A, Dudek EJ, Treadwell MD and Wetterhann KE (1996) Arsenic induced oxidant stress and NF Kappa G activation in cultured aortic endothelial cells. Free Radical Biol. Med. 21, 783-790.
- Barchowsky A, Roussel RR, Klei LR, James PE, Ganju N, Smity KR and Dudek EJ (1999) Low levels of arsenic trioxide stimulate proliferative signals in primary vascular cells without activating stress effector pathways. Toxicol. Appl. pharmacol. 159, 65-75.
- Bjorneboe A, Bjornenoe GE and Drevon CA (1990) Absorption, transport and distribution of vitamin E. J. Nutr. 120, 233-242.
- Burton GW, Joycen A and Ingold KU (1983) Is vitamin E the only lipid soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in human blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes? Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 221, 281-290.
- Cebrian M, Finkelman J, Correy G and Calderon R (1993) Heavy Metals in: Environmental Epidemiology (eds). A project for Latin America and the Caribbean metepec, Mexico: Pan American Centre for Human Ecology and Health, WHO. pp: 95-145.
- Chen CJ, Hsu LI, Wang CH, Shih WL, Hsu YH, Tseng MP, Lin YC, Chou WL, Chen CY, Lee CY, Wang LH, Cheng YC, Chen CL, Chen SY, Wang YH, Hsueh YM, Chiou HY and Wu MM (2005) Biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility of arsenic-induced health hazards in Taiwan. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 206(2), 198-206.
- Gamble MV, Liu X, Ahsan H, Pilsner R, Ilievski V, Slavkovich V, Parvez F, Levy D, Factor-Litvak P and Graziano JH (2005) Folate, homocysteine, and arsenic metabolism in arsenic-exposed individuals in Bangladesh. Environ. Health Perspect. 113(12), 1683-1688.
- Gibson RS and Gage LA (1982) Changes in hair arsenic levels in breast and bottle fed infants during the first year of infancy. Sci. Total Environ. 26, 33.
- Goyer RA, Cherian MG, Jones MM and Reigart JR (1995) Role of Chelatingagents for prevention, intervention and treatment of experimental toxic agents. Environ. Health Perspect. 105, 1048-1052.
- Gurr JR, Bau DT, Liu F, Lynn S and Jan KY (1999) Dithiothreitol enhances arsenic trioxide induced apoptosis in NB4 cells. Mol. Pharmacol. 56, 102-109.
- Gurr JR, Liu F, Lynn S and Jan KY (1998) Calciumdependent nitric oxide production is involved in arsenite-induced micronulei. Mutat. Res. 416, 137-148.
- Halliwell B (1990) How to characterize a biological antioxidant. Free Radical Res. Commun. 9, 1-32.
- Hei TK and Filipic M (2004) Role of oxidative damage in the genotoxicityof arsenic. Free Radical Biol. Med. 37(5), 574-581.
- Hei TK, Liu SX and Waldren C (1998) Mutagenecity of arsenic in mammalian cells: Role of reactive oxygen species. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 95, 8103-8107.
- Hood RD, Vedel-Macrander GC, Zaworotko MJ, Tatum FM and Meck RG (1987) Distribution, metabolism and fetal uptake of pentavalent arsenic in pregnant mice following oral or intra peritonea administration. Teratology. 35, 19.
- Horswel EC, Howard JA and Ingold KU (1966) Alphatocopherol. Can. J. Chem. 44, 985-991.
- IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) (1987) In IARC monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic risk to humans-overall evaluation of carcinogenicity. An update (eds.,) IARC Monographs 1-42 (supp. 7), International Agency for Research on Cancer Lyon. pp:100.
- Karasavvas N, Carcamo JM, Stratis G and Golde DW (2005) Vitamin C protects HL60 and U266 cell from arsenic toxicity. Blood. 105(10), 4004-4012.
- Kessel M, Liu SX, Xu A, Santella R and Hei TK (2002) Arsenic induces oxidative DNA damage in mammalian cells. Mol. Cell Biochem. 234-235(1-2), 301-308.
- Lee TC, Lee KC, Tzeng YJ, Hung RY and Jan KY (1986) Sodium arsenite potenitates the clastogenicity and mutagenicity of DNA crosslinking agents. Environ. Mutagen. 8, 19-128.
- Lee TC, Tseng SF, Chang YC, Lin KY and Jan MR (1996) Post treatment with sodium arsenite during G2 enhance the frequency of chromosomal aberrations induced by S-dependent clastogens. Mutat. Res. 163, 263-269.
- Liu SX, Davidson MM, Tang X, Walker WF, Athar M, Ivanov V and Hei TK (2005) Mitochondrial damage mediates genotoxicity of arsenic in mammalian cells. Cancer Res. 65(8), 3236-3242.
- Luo ZD, Zhang YM, Ma L, Zhang ZY and He L (1997) Chronic arsenicism and cancer in inner Mangolia consequences of well-water arsenic level greater than 50 mu/l. In: Arsenic exposure and health effects (Abernathy co., Claderon RC, Chappell WR, eds.) London: Chapman & Hall. pp:55-68.
- Lynn S, Gurr JR, Lai HT and Jan KY (2000) NADH oxidase activation is involved in arsenite-induced oxidative DNA damage in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Cir. Res. 86, 514-519.
- Mazumdar DNG, Chakraborty AK, Ghose A, Gupta JD, Chakraborty DP and Dey SB (1988) Chronic arsenic toxicity from drinking water in rural West Bengal. Bull. World Health Org. 66, 499-506.
- Miller DA, Dev VG, Burek C and Miller OJ (1972) The quinacrine fluorescent and Giemsa banding karyotype of the rat, Rattus norvegicus and banded chromosome analysis of transformedm and malignant rat liver cell lines. Cancer Res. 32, 2375-2382.
- Niki E and Matsuo M (1993) Rates and products of reactions of vitamin E with oxygen radicals In:Vitamin E in health and disease (Packer L, Fuchs J, eds.) NY: Dekker. pp:121-130.
- Nishikimi M (1975) Oxidation of ascorbic acid with superoxide anion generated by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 63, 463-468.
- NRC-National Research Council (1999) Chemistry and analysis of arsenic species in water, food, urine, blood, hair and nails. In: Arsenic in drinking water (National Research Council, eds.), National Academy Press, Washington, DC. pp:27-82.
- Okui T and Fujiwara Y (1986) Inhibition of human excision DNA repair by inorganic arsenic and the co-mutagenic effect of C79 Chinese hamster cells. Mutat Res.172, 69-76.
- Osborne ED (1925) Microchemical studies of arsenic in arsenical pigmentation and keratoses. Arch. Dermal Syph. 12, 773.
- Rahman MM, Sengupta MK, Ahamed S, Lodh D, Das B, Hossain MA, Nayak B, Mukherjee A, Chakraborti D, Mukherjee SC, Pati S, Saha KC, Palit SK, Kaies I, Barua AK and Asad KA (2005) Murshidabad-one of the nine groundwater arsenic-affected districts of West Bengal, India. Part I: magnitude of contamination and population at risk. Clin. Toxicol. (Phila). 43(7), 823-834.
- Ramanathan K, Anusuyadevi M, Shila S and Panneerselvam C (2005) Ascorbic acid and alpha tocopherol as potent modulators of apoptosis on arsenic induced toxicity in rats. Toxicol. Lett. 156(2), 297-306.
- Rich CH, Biggs ML and Smith AH (1998) Lung and kindey cancer mortality associated with arsenic in drinking water in Cordoba, Argentina. Int. J. Epidemiol. 27, 561-569.
- Roy P and Saha A (2002) Metabolism and toxicity of arsenic: A human carcinogen. Curr. Sci. 82(1)38-45.
- Samokyszyn VM, Miller DM, Reif DW and Aust SD (1990) Iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation. In: Membrane lipid oxidation, Vol. 1(Vigo-Pelfrey C.ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp:101-127.
- Sharma AK and Sharma A (1994) Chromosome techniques: A manual. Switzerland: Harwood Academic publishers.
- Sharma MK and Buettner GR (1993) Interaction of vitamin C and vitamin E during free radical stress in plasma: an ESR study. Free Radical Biol. Med. 14, 649-653.
- Shaw WD, Walker M and Benson M (2005) Treating and drinking well water in the presence of health risks from arsenic contamination: results from a U.S. hot spot. Risk Anal. 25(6), 1531-1543.
- Smith AH, Goycolea M, Haque R and Biggs ML (1998) Marked increase in bladder and lung cancer mortality in a region of northern Chile due to arsenic in drinking water. Am. J. Epidemiol. 147, 660-669.
- Stocken LA and Thompson RHS (1946) Arsenic derivaties of thiol proteins. Biochem. J. 40, 548.
- Tseng CH, Huang YK, Huang YL, Chung CJ, YangMH, Chen CJ and Hsuch YM (2006) Arsenic exposure, urinary arsenic speciation, and peripheral vascular disease in blackfoot-disease hyper-endemic villages in Taiwan. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 211(2), 175.
- Unakul W and Hsu TC (1977) The C- and G-banding patterns of Rattus norvegicus Chromosomes. J. Natl. Cancer Instt. 49, 1425-1431.
- USEPA (United states Environmental protection Agency) (2001) National Primary Drinking water regulations: Arsenic and Clarifications to compliance and new source contaminants monitoring: Final rule (40 CFR Part 9, 142 & 142) fed. Reg. 66, 6975-7066.
- Valko M, Rhodes CJ, Moncol J, Izkovic M and mazur M (2006) Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer. Cancer Res. 160(1), 1-40.
- Wang TS and Huang H (1994) Active oxygen species are involved in the induction of micronuclei by arsenite in XRS-5 cells, Mutgenesis. 9, 253-257.
- Wei M, Arnold L, Cano M, Cohen SM. (2005) Effects of co-administration of antioxidants and arsenicals on the rat urinary bladder epithelium. Toxicol. Sci. 83(2), 237-245.
- Welch AH, Lico MS and Huges JL (1998) Arsenic in ground water of the western United States. Ground Water. 26, 33-337.
- WHO (World Health Organization) (1981) Environmental health criteria– arsenic, Geneva.
- WHO (World Health Organization) (1993) Guidelines for drinking water quality Vol. 1: Recommendations. 2d eds., Geneva.
- Yamauchi H and Fowler BA (1994) Toxicity and metabolism of inorganic and methylated arsenicals. In arsenic in the environment, Part II: Human health and ecosystem effects. Nriagu JO (ed.), Wiley, NY. pp:35-43.
- Economic Analysis of Pandal (structure for Creeper Crops) Vegetables Cultivation in Coimbatore District of Tamil Nadu
Abstract Views :509 |
PDF Views:0
Authors
Affiliations
1 Department of Forest Products and Utilization, Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, (T.N.), IN
2 Department of Agricultural and Rural Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN
1 Department of Forest Products and Utilization, Forest College and Research Institute, Mettupalayam, (T.N.), IN
2 Department of Agricultural and Rural Management, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore (T.N.), IN
Source
International Research Journal of Agricultural Economics and Statistics, Vol 7, No 1 (2016), Pagination: 56-62Abstract
In India about 50 per cent of the population depends on agriculture, majority are small land holding farmers.As per world agriculture statistics (FAO, 2010). India is the world's largest producer of many fresh fruits and vegetables with a large and diverse agricultural sector in the world next to China. As of now, India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture with allied sectors contributed 13.7 per cent of the GDP during 2010-11 (CSO, 2011). This research paper aims to study the cost and returns of pandal vegetables cultivation in Coimbatore District. 120 farmers was interviewed from Anamalai and Madukkarai blocks of Coimbatore District. The total establishment cost for pandal was Rs.3.2 lakhs per hectare and the investment cost for drip irrigation was Rs.0.73 lakhs per hectare. Majority of the sample farmers had experience of 21-30 years in farming and most of the farmers had 6-10 years experience in pandal vegetables cultivation. The cost of production per quintal of bitter gourd, snake gourd and ribbed gourd was Rs.1103, Rs. 981 and 952.71, respectively.Keywords
Pandal Vegetables, Bitter Gourd, Snake Gourd, Ribbed Gourd, Cost of Cultivation.References
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1 Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, IN
1 Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai - 608 502, Tamilnadu, IN