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Sharma, Santosh
- Income Distribution Due to Diversified Livelihood Among Rural Households of Sikkim:An Impact Study
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Dept. of Economics, Sikkim University, Gangtok, IN
1 Dept. of Economics, Sikkim University, Gangtok, IN
Source
International Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, Vol 5, No 3 (2017), Pagination: 148-154Abstract
Income distribution in rural households throughout the world has been found through diversified form of livelihoods. A rural household has been seen as a diversified enterprise occupying diversified activities in both farm and nonfarm sectors. The extent of diversification differs among households and has differential outcome to the income distribution. Selecting 350 rural households randomly, from all four districts of Sikkim for the study purpose, this paper tries to make an inquiry of distribution of rural incomes owing to diversification of rural livelihoods. To study the problem as laid by the objective of this study, Simpson’s diversification index has been used and the extent of diversification has been measured to be 0.55. Similarly Gini coefficient has been used to calculate the inequality in income distribution and is found to be 0.378. Further decomposition of Gini inequality according to income source has been done and skilled nonfarm income as the major source of total rural income inequality has been identified. Results indicate that rural unskilled nonfarm income, self employment and business incomes have equalizing effects on total income inequality. The result indicates that despite the centrality of agriculture, rural households are engaged in other nonfarm activities for an alternative income sources.Keywords
Rural, Sikkim, Livelihoods, Diversified, Households, Income, Gini Coefficient.
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- Performance Analysis of Integer Wavelet Packet Transform (IWPT)-OFDM, WPT-OFDM and FFT-OFDM Based on QAM Modulation
Abstract Views :159 |
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Authors
Affiliations
1 Maharana Pratap College of Technology, Gwalior, IN
1 Maharana Pratap College of Technology, Gwalior, IN
Source
International Journal of Advanced Networking and Applications, Vol 3, No SP 5 (2012), Pagination:Abstract
Now a day’s OFDM is widely used in various application mainly in wireless communication. It suffers from Inter symbol Interference (ISI). To mitigate the effect of ISI the cyclic prefix (CP) is used resulting loss in bandwidth. So DWT and WPT are used in place of FFT. By these transform the spectral containment of the channel is better since they are not using CP. In this paper we have compared the FFT based OFDM with DWT, WPT and IWPT-OFDM. IWPT-OFDM has been suggested to improve BER-performance.Keywords
DWT, WPT, IWPT, BER.Full Text