Informatics Publishing Limited

Amanpreet Sandhu ¹, Vidhoytma Gandhi ¹, Simranpreet Kaur ¹, Surbhi Huria ¹, Divjot Singh ¹, Wamika Goyal ¹

Affiliations
1 Chitkara University, Patiala – 140401, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Green communication is the latest research trend practiced by researcher in green computing and network communication. There is no extensive work in green UART design. In order to fill this research gap, we are going to design LVCMOS based energy efficient Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (UART) that will create an avenue for IO standards based green communication. UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) is a kind of serial communication protocol; mostly used for short-distance low speed, low-cost data exchange between computer and peripherals. Various energy efficient techniques have been applied to the design along with the change in IO standards. It has been concluded that there occurs 97.65% reduction in clock power, 75.14% reduction in I/O power, 7.19% reduction in leakage power, 17.37% reduction in junction temperature, and 71.12% reduction in total power dissipation in case SSTL2_II IO/standard, thus it is considered to be most energy and power efficient IO standard to be used in the future.

Keywords

Energy Efficient, FPGA, LFM, LVCMOS, Thermal Aware, UART

Full Text

   

Asima Zehra ¹, Randhir Singh ¹, Simranpreet Kaur ¹, J. P. S. Gill ¹

Affiliations
1 School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Aim: The aim of this study was to figure the prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance (AR) pattern of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine and swine nares.
Materials and Methods: Colonies with typical morphology on Baird-Parker agar supplemented with egg-yolk tellurite emulsion were selected and biochemically/genotypically identified as S. aureus. These strains were further subjected to epsilometer test for their sensitivity to various clinically important antibiotics and antibiotic susceptibility testing for amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and double-disk diffusion testing was performed by the standard disc diffusion method following CLSI guidelines. S. aureus strains were also tested for the presence of AR genes, viz., blaZ, mecA, aacA-aphD, erm (ermA, ermB, ermC), tet (efflux genes tetK and tetL, tetM and tetO of the ribosomal protection family), and vanA.
Results: The nasal cavities of 17 out of 47 randomly selected bovine and 20 out of 28 randomly selected swine were positive for S. aureus, representing the prevalence of 36.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 22.5-49.9) and 71.4% (95% CI: 54.7-88.1), respectively. Most of the S. aureus strains showed higher resistance to penicillin (94.6%, minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC]≥1.5 μg/ml) followed by ciprofloxacin (56.7%, MIC≥32 μg/ml) and tetracycline (18.9%, MIC≥32 μg/ml). About 10-15% of the strains were resistant to gentamicin (MIC 16 μg/ml) and oxacillin (MIC 6-8 μg/ml). None of the strains were resistant to vancomycin (MIC 0.25-1.5 μg/ml). In this study, 32.4% strains were resistant to three or more than three antibiotics and prevalence of this multi-drug resistant S. aureus was 45% (95% CI: 26.6-63.4) and 17.6% (95% CI: 6.7-28.5) in swine and bovine nasal samples, respectively. Four strains from pigs were borderline oxacillin-resistant S. aureus MIC 6-8 μg/ml, but none were mecA positive. Two of these strains were β-lactamase hyperproducers. Among the resistance genes blaZ, tetK, tetL, tetM, ermB, and aacA-aphD were found.
Conclusion: Our results demonstrated the absence of mecA and pvl gene, but the presence of multi-drug resistant S. aureus in the nares of healthy animals which has a potential to spread in a community.

Keywords

Antibiotic Resistance Genes, Epsilometer Test, Livestock Nasal Swabs, Multidrug Resistance, Staphylococcus aureus.

Full Text

   

Rajan Aggarwal ¹, Sanjay Satpute ¹, Simranpreet Kaur ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil and Water Engineering, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141 004, IN

Abstract

The growing energy demand for feeding the ever-increasing population has triggered the issue of energy security. This has made it essential to utilize the untapped potential of renewable resources. Punjab, India, has great potential of generating solar energy. In the present study, the cost of running electrical and diesel tube wells has been estimated along with the cost of replacement of the conventional pump sets with solar photovoltaic (SPV) pump sets. It was found that the cost of running the electric and diesel-operated pump sets for shallow and medium tube wells was almost Rs 73.9 million per year. If these are replaced by SPV pump sets, then installation cost of the latter is Rs 212.71 billion without subsidy. According to the Government scheme, the farmer’s share is Rs 96.18 billion and the Government share is Rs 132.71 billion. Further, with replacements using the solar pumping system, green energy will be available and additional energy can be released into the grid system. This might be especially true for a state like Punjab, where 30–35% electricity is consumed in the agricultural sector for irrigating about 72% of the total irrigated area (99%) through groundwater pumping. The cost of SPV pump sets is expected to reduce as it is gaining popularity. Also, with the advancement of techno­logy, electronic goods are becoming cheaper and compact

Keywords

Energy demand, renewable resources, solar photovoltaic pumps, tube wells.

Full Text