Informatics Publishing Limited

Gaurav Tiwari ¹, Ruchi Tiwari ², Awani K. Rai ², Vachaspati Dubey ², Anil Sharma ³, Pranay Wal ², Ankita Wal ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kalpi Road, Bhauti, Kanpur 208020, (Uttar Pradesh), IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kalpi Road, Bhauti, Kanpur 208020, (Uttar Pradesh), IN
3 Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, IN

Abstract

Advances in understanding the etiology, epidemiology and microbiology of periodontal pocket flora have revolutionised the therapeutic strategies for the management of periodontal disease progression. The rationale for use of antibiotics in periodontal therapy is based on the concept that bacteria are the primary cause of periodontal diseases and thus treatment should be directed towards controlling the bacterial flora.. The effectiveness of mechanical debridement of plaque and repeated topical and systemic administration of antibacterial agents are limited due to the lack of accessibility to periodontopathic organisms in the periodontal pocket. Systemic administration of drugs leads to therapeutic concentrations at the site of infection, but for short periods of time, forcing repeated dosing for longer periods. Local delivery of antimicrobials has been investigated for the possibility of overcoming the limitations of conventional therapy. The use of sustained release formulations to deliver antibacterials to the site of infection (periodontal pocket) has recently gained interest. This review summarises the recent developments in the field of intra-pocket drug delivery systems and identifies areas where further research may lead to a clinically effective intra-pocket delivery system.

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Gaurav Tiwari ¹, Awani K. Rai ², Vachaspati Dubey ², Anil Sharma ³, Pranay Wal ², Ankita Wal ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutics, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kalpi Road, Bhauti Kanpur 208020, (Uttar Pradesh), IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology, Kalpi Road, Bhauti Kanpur 208020, (Uttar Pradesh), IN
3 Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, IN

Abstract

Chronopharmaceutics covers the fundamentals of the various aspects of chronopharmaceutics in the fields of chronobiology, chronogenetics, chronophysiology, chronopathology, chronopharmacology, chronotherapeutics, chronotoxicology and chronobiotics, and chronopharmaceutical drug delivery research. It discusses different and specific controlled-release systems that are triggered by electrics, diffusion, and chemical-activation and concludes with a description of the regulatory issues along with formulation and manufacturing.Due to advances in chronobiology, chronopharmacology, and global market constraints, the traditional goal of pharmaceutics (e.g. design drug delivery systems with a constant drug release rate) is becoming obsolete. However, the major bottleneck in the development of drug delivery systems that match the circadian rhythm (chronopharmaceutical drug delivery systems: ChrDDS) may be the availability of appropriate technology. The last decade has witnessed the emergence of ChrDDS against several diseases. The increasing research interest surrounding ChrDDS may lead to the creation of a new subdiscipline in pharmaceutics known as chronopharmaceutics. This review introduces the concept of chronopharmaceutics, addresses theoretical/formal approaches to this sub-discipline, underscores potential disease-targets, revisits existing technologies and examples of ChrDDS. Future development in chronopharmaceutics may be made at the interface of other emerging disciplines such as system biology and nanomedicine. Such novel and more biological approaches to drug delivery may lead to safer and more efficient disease therapy in the future.

Keywords

Chronopharmaceutics, Chronopharmacology, Chronotherapeutics, Drug Delivery, Technologies.

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