International Journal of Education and Management Studies

Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Subscription Access
Open Access Open Access Open Access  Restricted Access Restricted Access Subscription Access

Relationship between Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Female College Students during COVID-19


Affiliations
1 Department of Psychology, Maniben Nanvati Women's College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
2 Psychologist, Mumbai, India
     

   Subscribe/Renew Journal


COVID-19 imposed a great threat to individuals as well as mental health professionals. The virus had an impact across all aspects of our lives. It had an impact on the well-being and mental health of individuals as well. In these difficult times, it can be a possibility that there could be an increase in the prevalence of various psychological conditions particularly depression, anxiety, and stress. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relationship between depression, anxiety, and stress among female students. DASS-21 was used to measure the scores on the variables among 343 female students across India. The participants (18 years & above) enrolled in a full time university course were included in the study. The questionnaire was employed through various web-based platforms and social media sites. Results based on Pearson Product Moment Correlation indicated that depression, anxiety, and stress are significantly correlated to each other. It can be concluded that the pandemic has had a great impact on the mental health and well-being of individuals. Further research can be undertaken to understand the difference between and across various socio-demographic/cultural groups.

Keywords

anxiety, COVID-19, DASS-21, depression, stress, students.
Subscription Login to verify subscription
User
Notifications
Font Size


  • Akdeniz, G., Kavakci, M., Gozugok, M., Yalcinkaya, S., Kucukay, A., & Sahutogullari, B. (2020). A survey of attitudes, anxiety status, and protective behaviors of the university students during the COVID-19 outbreak in Turkey. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 695. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00695

  • American Psychological Association (n.d.). Anxiety. American Psychological Association. Retrieved March 29, 2022, from https://www.apa.org/topics/anxiety

  • American Psychological Association (n.d.). Depression. American Psychological Association. Retrieved March 29, 2022, from https://www.apa.org/topics/depr ession/

  • Díaz-Jiménez, R. M., Caravaca-Sánchez, F., Martín-Cano, M. C., & De la FuenteRobles, Y. M. (2020). Anxiety levels among social work students during the COVID19 lockdown in Spain. Social Work in Health Care, 59(9-10), 681-693. https://doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2020.1859044

  • Elmer, T., Mepham, K., & Stadtfeld, C. (2020). Students under lockdown: Comparisons of students' social networks and mental health before and during the COVID-19 crisis in Switzerland. PLOS One, 15(7), e0236337. https://doi.org/10 .1371/journal.pone.0236337

  • Frey, R., & Odle, T. (2018, June 08) Anxiety: Gale encyclopedia of medicine (3rd ed.). Retrieved from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/medicine/enc yclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/anxiety-1

  • Hamaideh, S. H., Al‐Modallal, H., Tanash, M., & Hamdan‐Mansour, A. (2021). Depression, anxiety and stress among undergraduate students during COVID‐19 outbreak and "Home‐quarantine". Nursing Open, 9(2), 1423-1431. https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.918

  • Husky, M. M., Kovess-Masfety, V., & Swendsen, J. D. (2020). Stress and anxiety among university students in France during COVID-19 mandatory confinement. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 102, 152191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.202 0.152191

  • Islam, M. A., Barna, S. D., Raihan, H., Khan, M. N., Hossain, M. T. (2020). Depression and anxiety among university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh: A web-based cross-sectional survey. PLOS ONE, 15(8), e0238162. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0238162

  • Lovibond, S.H., & Lovibond, P.F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Sydney: Psychology Foundation. Retrieved from: Dass21 questionnaire (maic.qld.gov.au)

  • Meda, N., Pardini, S., Slongo, I., Bodini, L., Zordan, M. A., Rigobello, P., Visioli, F., & Novara, C. (2021). Students' mental health problems before, during, and after COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 134, 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.045

  • Parvar, S. Y., Ghamari, N., Pezeshkian, F., Shahriarirad, R. (2022). Prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, and perceived stress and their relation with resilience during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A cross‐sectional study. Health Science Reports, 5(1), e460. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.460

  • Rao, C. S. (2020, August 2). Study: Depression among youth high during lockdown: Hyderabad News-Times of India. The Times of India. Retrieved March 29, 2022, from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/study-depression-amongyouth-high-during-lockdown/articleshow/77311590.cms

  • Reddy, V. V., Revanth Karri, S., Jezreel, T., Afeen, S., & Khairkar, P. (2020). Psychosocial impact of covid-19 lockdown on mental wellbeing among 11 states of India: A markov modeling approach. Journal of Psychiatry and Psychiatric Disorders, 04(04), 158-174. https://doi.org/10.26502/jppd.2572-519x0103

  • Rogowska, A. M., Kuśnierz, C., & Bokszczanin, A. (2020). examining anxiety, life satisfaction, General Health, stress and coping styles during COVID-19 pandemic in Polish sample of university students. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, Volume 13, 797-811. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s266511

  • Salari, N., Hosseinian-Far, A., Jalali, R., Vaisi-Raygani, A., Rasoulpoor, S., Mohammadi, M., Rasoulpoor, S., & Khaledi-Paveh, B. (2020). Prevalence of stress, Anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic:

  • A systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and Health, 16(1), 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-020-00589-w

  • Schlichtiger, J., Brunner, S., Steffen, J., & Huber, B. C. (2020). Mental health impairment triggered by the COVID-19 pandemic in a sample population of German students. Journal of Investigative Medicine, 68(8), 1394-1396. https://doi.org/10 .1136/jim-2020-001553

  • Scott, E. (2020, August 3). How is stress affecting my health? Verywell Mind. Retrieved April 11, 2022, from https://www.verywellmind.com/stress-and-health-3145086

  • Shamsuddin, K., Fadzil, F., Ismail, W. S., Shah, S. A., Omar, K., Muhammad, N. A., Jaffar, A., Ismail, A., & Mahadevan, R. (2013). Correlates of depression, anxiety and stress among Malaysian University students. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(4), 318- 323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2013.01.014

  • Verma, S., & Mishra, A. (2020). Depression, anxiety, and stress and socio-demographic correlates among general Indian public during COVID-19. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(8), 756-762. https://doi.org/10.1177/002076402 0934508

  • Voltmer, E., Köslich-Strumann, S., Walther, A., Kasem, M., Obst, K., & Kötter, T. (2021). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on stress, Mental Health and coping behavior in German university students: A longitudinal study before and after the onset of the pandemic. BMC Public Health, 21, 1385. https://doi.org/10.118 6/s12889-021-11295-6

  • Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., & McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of covid-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001


Abstract Views: 160

PDF Views: 0




  • Relationship between Depression, Anxiety, and Stress among Female College Students during COVID-19

Abstract Views: 160  |  PDF Views: 0

Authors

Anuja Deshpande
Department of Psychology, Maniben Nanvati Women's College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Riya Shah
Psychologist, Mumbai, India

Abstract


COVID-19 imposed a great threat to individuals as well as mental health professionals. The virus had an impact across all aspects of our lives. It had an impact on the well-being and mental health of individuals as well. In these difficult times, it can be a possibility that there could be an increase in the prevalence of various psychological conditions particularly depression, anxiety, and stress. Thus, this study aimed to examine the relationship between depression, anxiety, and stress among female students. DASS-21 was used to measure the scores on the variables among 343 female students across India. The participants (18 years & above) enrolled in a full time university course were included in the study. The questionnaire was employed through various web-based platforms and social media sites. Results based on Pearson Product Moment Correlation indicated that depression, anxiety, and stress are significantly correlated to each other. It can be concluded that the pandemic has had a great impact on the mental health and well-being of individuals. Further research can be undertaken to understand the difference between and across various socio-demographic/cultural groups.

Keywords


anxiety, COVID-19, DASS-21, depression, stress, students.

References