International Journal of Education and Management Studies https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems International Journal of Education and Management Studies is a Quarterly Journal Published by Indian Association of Health, Research and Welfare IAHRW Publications Private Limited en-US International Journal of Education and Management Studies 2231-5632 Job Satisfaction as an Inverse Predictor of Employees' Turnover: A Survey of Selected Public Universities in Afghanistan https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222621 The topic of job satisfaction as a predictor of employee turnover is important because it can affect the performance and stability of organizations. In the context of public universities in Afghanistan, employee turnover can result in a loss of experienced staff and disruption of academic activities. By understanding the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover, organizations can develop effective strategies to retain their employees and improve organizational performance. This cross-sectional survey explores the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover among lecturers at selected public universities in Afghanistan. Using a purposive sampling technique, 216 participants from five universities completed an online questionnaire voluntarily. The survey data was analyzed using the reliability measures of employee turnover (0.858) and job satisfaction (0.753). Results indicate that there was a significant difference among public university lecturers in Afghanistan based on their level of employee turnover and job satisfaction. Additionally, job satisfaction was found to be a significant predictor of employee turnover at a significance level of 0.001. These findings suggest that addressing job satisfaction among employees is an effective strategy for reducing employee turnover in public universities in Afghanistan. Mohammad Khalid Khawrin Abdurrasheed Sahibzada 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Impact of Social Media on Agriculture as Perceived by Extension Personnel https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222622 The study is an attempt to investigate the perception of extension personnel towards the use of social media to connect with the farmers community, making them aware of various programs. The study is based on a survey conducted among 58 agriculture personnel of the Haryana region. The study has made all efforts to bring a versatile approach by approaching the respondents from different areas of the state. The study concludes that despite using social media frequently extension personnel needs training for effective use of social media for extension purpose. The study will help to understand the scenario of connectivity/ communication among agriculture personnel and farmers via new media. And further, it will help to design training programs in line with farmers' awareness programs via social media. Ajay Kumar Pardeep Kumar Anil Kumar Rohila Bharat Singh Ghanghas Nasib Singh 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Study of Emotional Intelligence and Aggression among Athlete and Non-athlete College Students https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222623 In the last few years sports and health psychologist shows that adolescents and youth's levels of hostility, frustration and aggression is increasing day by day. Sports are the most important activities which enhance student's attention and energy in a healthy and fruitful direction. Challenges abound in competitive sports, thus youngsters introduced to them must have the necessary psychological traits, such as aggression and emotional intelligence, to effectively deal with these difficulties. The present study was planned to distinguish college students on emotional intelligence and aggression in relation to their sports activities (athletes &amp; non-athletes). A purposive sample of 100 college students (50 athletes and 50 non-athletes were selected from different colleges in Haryana on the bases of availability. Emotional Intelligence Scale by Sharma and Sharma (2017) and Aggression Scale developed by Pal and Naqvi (1986) were used in the present study. To examine the group differences, t-test was computed and results showed that athlete college students were high on aggression than non-athletes college students. Athlete college students were only high on self-awareness, self-regulation and motivation (dimensions of emotional intelligence). Results of the study exhibited no significant difference between these two groups on overall emotional intelligence and its dimensions, i.e., empathy and social skills. Further, researchers also discussed study's implication and future recommendations. Chanderkant Gorsy Surjeet Singh Muskan 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Investigating the Role of Using Various Methods in Math Evaluation on the Math Progress of Students of Kankor Preparation Classes https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222624 The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of using various assessment methods, including oral, written, and practical work, and providing feedback for the students preparing for the Kankor exam (National eligibility Examination for Universities) in Herat City. The statistical population is all high school graduates in Herat City in the academic year 2022-23. Two classes were selected from them as the experimental group, and two other classes were chosen as the control group by the available cluster sampling method. This quasi-experimental study was conducted with two experimental and control groups using a pretest-posttest design for four months. Many teachers confirmed the validity of the tests, heads of mathematics. Cronbach alpha method acknowledged the reliability of each test. The alpha coefficient of each test was higher than 0.7. It indicates a good situation regarding the reliability of each test. Descriptive statistics, t-test, and Leven's test were used to analyze the findings. The results showed that the difference between the mean scores of experimental and control groups was significant. Therefore, using different methods for evaluating mathematics improve student mathematical learning and make them excel in their mathematical lessons. Ghulam Sarwar Mubarez Ahmad Atef Noorulhaq Saddiqi 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Development of Weather based Yield Models for Wheat Crop in Western Zone of Haryana https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222625 Based on weather data from 1980-1981 to 2013-2014 for the districts of Hisar, Bhiwani, and Sirsa, as well as from 1997-1998 to 2011-2012 for the district of Fatehabad, the western zone of Haryana has generated zonal wheat yield models. Multiple linear regression and main component analysis were employed to achieve this objective. The models' validity was confirmed for the post-sample years 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, and 2018-19. The overall results show a preference for using prediction equations based on principal component analysis for recording % deviations from real-time yields. The zonal weather models can forecast the district-level wheat production four to five weeks before crop harvest. Chetna Pushpa Aditi Nisha Ajay Sharma Monika Devi 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Reliability of the Cyber-Bullying /Victim Scale among University-level Students https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222626 Cyberbullying and victim behaviour research is currently focused on identifying personal factors that increase an individual's risk. Recent findings indicate that within the web of cyberbullying culture a large group of individuals are both cyberbullies and victims. This group of cyberbullies/victims has been shown to differ from pure cyberbullies or victims on various factors during adolescence. However, little research to date has investigated cyberbullying/victim behaviour in adults. The aim of this study is to revise Cyber Bullying Inventory (CBI) among students of Banaras Hindu University and to examine its basic psychometric characteristics. There were two independent samples on one scale with 28 items. The first 14 items sample consisting of 150 participants (76 female, 74 male) aged 16-34 (M=20.30; SD=5.97) was used to test the reliability of cyber victim behaviour. The second data set with 14 items which consisted of 150 participants (76 female, 74 male) aged 16-34 (M=19.22; SD=6.18) was used to test the reliability of cyberbullying behaviour. RCBI appears to be a reliable tool that can be utilized safely among Indian university adolescents to investigate the nature and extent of cyberbullying experiences. Babita Vishwakarma Pushpa Kumari Amit Kumar Vishwakarma 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Assessing the Efficacy of a Life Skills Enrichment Program on Mitigating Peer Pressure among University Students https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222628 In this study, the effectiveness of a life skills-based intervention program to impede the degree of peer pressure among first-year undergraduate students was scrutinized. A sample of 60 students (30 males &amp; 30 females) having low life skills were purposively identified for the study from five constituent colleges of Punjab Agricultural University enrolled in the academic session 2020-21. Research tools used were Life Skills Assessment Scale by Nair et al. (2010) and Peer Pressure Scale by Singh and Saini (2010). Data analysis was done by descriptive statistics (frequency &amp; percentage) and inferential statistics (independent t-test, paired t-test &amp; the Pearson correlation coefficient). Results showed non-significant gender difference in peer pressure has been reported among students. Significant effectiveness of enrichment programme on the status of peer pressure among freshman undergraduates had been reported that indicates the favorable effectiveness of the intervention. The correlation analysis revealed significantly negative relation of peer pressure to most of the dimensions of life skills. Neha Joshi Seema Sharma Tejpreet Kaur Kang Inderjit Singh Grewal 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Reading Related Working Memory Task Performances among Various Subgroups of Learning Difficulties https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222629 The existing literature in the field of specific learning difficulty has focused mainly on working memory task performance, phonological processing, orthographical processing, etc. The present study aims at finding out the differences in various subgroups of specific learning difficulty. 78 children (both male &amp; female, Age range 7-16 years) were taken and grouped into 7 subgroups on the basis of the loading of learning problems in specific academic areas. The groups are Reading difficulty, Writing difficulty, Difficulty in Reading and writing, Difficulty in Reading, writing and Arithmetic, Attention deficit problem with learning difficulty, Learning difficulty with low average IQ and Normal control. The aim of the study was to find out the group difference in various working memory tasks based on the identification and discrimination of reading related stimuli. Data analysis was done by non-parametric statistics (Kruskal Wallis) as the parametric assumptions were violated. The result shows a significant group difference in the working memory tasks which are more related to reading. Further analysis reveals that the group having intellectual deficit and the group having difficulty in multiple domains had the greatest difficulty in visual discrimination tasks. The result is more aligned with the orthographical skill deficit theory and magno-cellular theory which requires visuo-spacial processing skills in reading. Anwesha Chakrabarti 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Crop Residue Burning: Consequences and Management in North India https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222632 When handled poorly, crop wastes are typically viewed as a nuisance. Crop residues can enhance the dynamics of soil organic matter and nutrient cycling, resulting in a climate that is generally favourable for plant development. Under tropical rice-based cropping systems, good crop residue management and use are crucial factors in raising soil quality and crop yield. Crop residue raises crop yield and enhances the physiochemical and biological characteristics of the soil. It can partially replace the nutritional intake from fertiliser. Sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub> ), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub> ), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH<sub>4</sub> ), nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub> O), black carbon (BC), non-methyl hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter (PM-2.5 &amp; PM-10) are the main pollutants released when burning crop residues, and they have a significant impact on global warming. The current study's goals are to evaluate the quantity of residue generated, its in-situ and ex-situ use, and to highlight the detrimental impacts of residue burning on human health, soil health, and the environment in India's north-western (NW) states, particularly in Haryana. This study also addresses potential methods for managing agricultural leftovers in an environmentally responsible and sustainable manner. To handle the paddy wastes in-situ, timely availability of conservation agricultural equipment is crucial. Ashma Khan Manju Dahiya 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Working Environment and Occupational Health Issues of Handloom Weavers https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222633 This study was conducted in the state of Manipur to assess the details of the working environment of the handloom weavers with respect to the size of the area used, quality of space used with respect to lighting, ventilation, temperature, humidity, seasonal difficulties and different occupational related health issues. Interview cum observation methods were adopted for the collection of data. The study evidence that the cent percent of the weavers work in the part of their houses/house premises. None of them have separate weaving sheds specially designed for their activity. Weaving areas were small and cramped; generally lack in adequate lighting, cooling, and heating systems were missing. The materials of the area were mostly mud or cement floor with mud walls and GI sheet roofing. The majority of the work-shed was extremely affected by inclement weather conditions and seasonal changes. The author observed that the problems faced by the workers are the consequences of the inability to adapt and access scientific approaches to working place arrangement and lack of knowledge of ergonomics of the tools and machines used. The investigation tends to find the generalized health issues with long-term working in looms and the need for knowledge of ideal workplace arrangement and ergonomics of tools and machines used for the loom workers. Kangjam Victoria Devi 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Association of the Independent Variables with Knowledge and Adoption Level of Farmers about Paddy Straw Management Techniques in Haryana https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222634 Rice (<em>Oryza sativa</em> L.) serves as the primary staple food for over half of the world's population and is believed to be the first cultivated crop globally. In Asia, 90-95 per cent of the world's total rice production occurs. Burning crop residues not only results in economic loss but also causes environmental pollution, poses hazards to human health, produces greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming, and leads to the loss of plant nutrients such as N, P, K, and S. Agricultural byproducts, such as crop residues, can be repurposed for a multitude of applications, such as bioenergy, biofuel, briquetting, pelleting, composting, and various industrial uses. In order to maintain sustainable soil health over extended periods of time, it is recommended that a significant proportion of crop residues be conserved either by leaving them on the soil surface or by integrating them into the soil. Therefore, proficient residue management is a critical component of the practise of conservation agriculture. Personality traits are known to influence farmers' knowledge levels; thus, this study examined the relationship between selected independent variables and farmers' knowledge and adoption levels concerning paddy straw management techniques in Haryana. The results showed that among the 11 selected independent variables, education, socio-economic status, mass media exposure, and extension contact were positively and significantly correlated with farmers' knowledge and adoption levels at a 0.01 level of probability. In contrast, landholding, farm implements, and irrigation facilities were positively but non-significantly correlated with farmers' knowledge and adoption levels concerning paddy straw management techniques. Regression analysis revealed that the selected independent variables collectively accounted for 67.33 per cent and 56.89 per cent of the variation in farmers' knowledge and adoption levels, respectively. Preety Sihan Ashok Kumar Satyakaam Malik Rajesh Kumar Anil Kumar K.K. Yadav Jasvinder Kaur 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Companies Design Safety Culture Intervention Enthusiastically, Why don't They Continue? https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222635 This paper deliberates that the organisations set in safety culture intervention, but did not continue as because they largely dwelt on individual behaviours, not the organisational behaviours. It is considered that the cluster of open conversations across levels over a variety of organisational factors (such as rewards &amp; relationships, perceptions &amp; passions, beliefs &amp; barriers) would re-create a new pattern of organisational behaviour to follow on, implicitly put as behaviour based safety (BBS) 2.0. There are challenges such as not giving up the dependent safety culture by leaders, passiveness in mentally stimulating people down the levels, lack of reinforcement from respective HODs/ leaders, and lack of skills in mobilising and involving all employees/ associates. In this regard, the critical insights from a comprehensive literature review and 198 industry leaders are shared. Majorly, three aspects are discussed, firstly a host of 20 factors that need introspection by the EHS (environment, health, safety) and industry professionals. Secondly, how BBS 2.0 is implemented qualitatively/ conversationally at organisational levels? Thirdly, meeting the challenges of implementing BBS 2.0. As forecasting mechanisms, it is critical to know also the periodicity aspects of safety culture transformation, and that the behaviour based safety (BBS) 1.0 and 2.0 both together transform the safety culture into a positive work culture. Harbans Lal 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Binary Logistic Regression to know the Impact of Socio-economic Variables on the Savings Parameter for Financial Inclusiveness in Haryana https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222636 Financial inclusion is one of the important aspects to increase the financial growth of an economy. It is one of the oldest concepts in Indian history. Earlier, informal key players such as money lenders, brokers, etc. used to give credit to the farmers for the inputs required for the production of crops. But in today's scenario, the situation has changed a lot. Formal financial institutions especially banks have taken the pace for lending money to each and every section of the society. For the inclusion of the poor and economically backward sections, the government of India with the help of banks has launched various schemes. Knowing the status of financial parameters in the economy from time to time is also important so that the amendments can be considered for raising the status of financial inclusion. For the present study, one important parameter viz. savings in the accounts of respondents was considered to recognize the status of savings in the study area. The study was undertaken in the Hisar and Kaithal districts of Haryana. Binary logistic regression as a tool was performed to examine the impact of socio-economic variables on the undertaken parameter among the selected sample of households in both the districts. The results concluded that a rise in income and employment level will increase the savings in the accounts of bank account holders of the study areas. Ankita Sharma Sunita Mehla Suman Ghalawat Jitender Kumar Bhatia Nitin Bhardwaj 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Association of the Independent Variables with Knowledge and Adoption Level of Farmers about Post-harvest Management Practices of Mango in Haryana https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222637 Post-harvest management is crucial for maintaining the quality and quantity of agricultural commodities after harvest. This study focuses on mango farmers in Yamunanagar district, Haryana, to improve their efficiency and scientific approach to post-harvest management practices. The study examined the relationship between selected independent variables and farmers' knowledge and adoption levels of post-harvest management practices. Results showed that education, mass media exposure, and extension contact positively correlated with farmers' knowledge and adoption levels at a 0.01 level of probability. Caste, family size, annual income, landholding, farm implements, and irrigation facilities were positively but non-significantly correlated with farmers' knowledge and adoption levels. Regression analysis revealed that the selected independent variables collectively accounted for 63.33% and 52.47% of the variation in farmers' knowledge and adoption levels, respectively. Virender Singh Ashok Kumar Satyakaam Malik Rajesh Kumar Anil Kumar K.K. Yadav Jasvinder Kaur 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Exploring the Impact of Training Programs on Agricultural Extension Services from Trainer's Perspective at Extension Education Institute, Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222646 This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of various aspects related to training programs in agricultural extension services. The findings reveal important insights. Firstly, the majority of trainers (83.33%) serve as resource persons, while a smaller percentage (16.67%) function as organizers, indicating the distribution of roles and responsibilities among trainers. Secondly, the data on the number of training programs conducted by trainers highlights the varying levels of experience, with a range of program frequencies reported: less than five programs (10%), five to ten programs (40%), eleven to twenty programs (30%), and more than twenty programs (20%). These results provide valuable information for evaluating trainers' expertise and capability in delivering agricultural extension training programs. Thirdly, the background analysis of participants attending the training programs indicates that a significant majority (76.67%) come from state agricultural universities or agriculture departments, while a smaller percentage have backgrounds in non-agricultural departments (13.33%) or other categories (10%). These findings contribute to understanding the target audience and tailoring training content to meet their specific needs. Additionally, the effectiveness of utilizing state departments (90%) as a means of inviting trainees is highlighted, along with a smaller proportion being invited through general circulation letters (10%), suggesting potential avenues for improving participant reach and diversity. Furthermore, the perceptions of trainers regarding H.R training as a tool for improving work performance reveal that a majority view it as a means to enhance employee efficiency (36.67%) or to change attitude, knowledge, and skills (26.67%). A smaller proportion believes it will improve agricultural production (16.67%), while 20% consider it primarily for improving technical skills. Lastly, the impact of H.R training on trainers' behaviour is explored, with 40% reporting being "too much affected," 43.33% indicating that the effect is evident, and 16.67% stating that it may affect their behavior. These findings emphasize the significance of understanding how delivering H.R training can shape trainers' behaviour. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into trainer roles, program frequency, participant backgrounds, invitation approaches, perceptions of H.R training, and its impact on trainers' behaviour in agricultural extension services, enabling informed decision-making, improved program effectiveness, and enhanced training experiences. Satyakaam Malik Jasvinder Kaur Kailash Saini Ashok Kumar K.K. Yadav Atul Dhingra Abhilash Rekha Malik 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 A Comparative Study on the Level of Modernization between Female and Male Students of Dehradun https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222647 The present study aimed to investigate the comparison between female and male adolescent students on the modernization scale. The study also compares the components of modernization, i.e., socio-religious, marriage, women, and education, between female and male students. The total number of subjects consisted of 100, equally divided into female and male students. The modernization scale was used to measure the level of modernization of the subjects. Means, SDs, and t values were computed to assess the level of modernization. The findings indicated that there was no significant difference in the overall level of modernization and its three components, i.e., socioreligious, marriage, and education, between female and male students, whereas, there was a significant difference in the attitudes towards the position of women as a component of modernization between female and male students. Rashmi Tyagi Rajesh Bhatt Vishakha Karkwal 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Exploring Internet and Mobile Usage among Students in Navsari: A Statistical Approach https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222648 The use of mobile technologies is becoming more widespread. The cell phone has significantly changed our way of life, reorganized connectivity, and improved it. Mobile technology has influenced students. In the past two decades, many innovations have been developed in mobile technologies and have even become an addiction for people of all ages. The current study has been carried out to explore the use of Internet and mobile device dependency among students in Navsari, Gujarat. This study was conducted using a questionnaire from 100 students (respondents) from different colleges. The descriptive statistical analysis and test of significance have been computed to study the distribution of mobile phone and internet uses among the gender, qualification and area of living of the student. The study revealed that the internet plays a prominent role among students. It was also observed that most students use their mobile phones for making calls and the Internet for social networking. Vanshri Garde Yogesh Garde 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Producer's Surplus and Disposal Pattern Followed by Tomato Growers in Haryana https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222649 Tomatoes are one of the most important commercial crops grown in Haryana and its marketing plays a crucial role in the economy of the state. Due to its perishable nature, the marketing and disposal pattern requires a well-planned transportation system to ensure optimum quality tomatoes to ultimate consumers and less spoilage and losses. The present study was conducted in Kurukshetra, Karnal, and Yamuna Nagar Districts of Haryana. The data was collected from 70 farmers from each district making a total sample of 210 farmers with the help of pre-structured survey schedule to study. The results of the study concluded that the total production, farm retention, marketable surplus, losses and marketed surplus were 475.43 (100), 8.63 (1.81%), 466.80 (98.19%), 34.55 (7.27%) and 432.25 (90.92%) quintal per hectare at overall level. On overall basis, 82.08 per cent of produce was sold or disposed through wholesaler-cum-commission agents followed by 10.16 per cent of produce through retailers and 7.76 per cent of produce was sold directly to consumers. It was suggested to direct marketing strategies to avail significant profit. Tomato growers should sell their produce directly to consumers, retailers and processors, thereby eliminating intermediaries such as wholesalers, commission agents, traders and secure high profit margins for their produce. Anamika Suman Ghalawat Megha Goyal 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Assessment of the Training Needs of the Trainees Conducted by Extension Education Institute, Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222650 Improving the quality of agricultural and rural development training requires proper preparation of trainers. However, the progress of extension trainer training in India has been slow and lacking. The ever-evolving technological landscape renders existing competencies obsolete, necessitating the acquisition of new skills. Effective training should go beyond subject matter expertise and cater to the needs of adult learners. Moreover, the globalization and WTO regime have caused a shift in Indian agriculture, focusing more on market-oriented knowledge and technology rather than production-oriented techniques. This emphasizes the urgency of implementing a systematic approach to strengthen trainer training efforts. Therefore, this study aims to assess the training needs of the trainees who participated in the program conducted by the Extension Education Institute, Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana. Satyakaam Malik Jasvinder Kaur Abhilash Atul Dhingra Rekha Malik 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Association between Human Development and Economic Growth: A Post-reforms Empirical Study of Karnataka https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222651 This research paper seeks to examine the relationship between economic growth and human development in the Indian state of Karnataka for the post-reform period, i.e., from 1991 to 2019 by tracing two chains: one from Economic Growth (EG) to Human Development (HD) and other from Human Development (HD) to Economic Growth (EG). The study's overarching goal is to ascertain whether or not the per capita net state domestic product at constant prices, 2011-2012 (a proxy for EG) has any discernible effect on the citizens' human development index (a proxy for HD). For the analysis, we have used time-series data. Our study is based on secondary data. Econometric techniques like Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) including Unit Root Test, Granger Causality Test and Impulse Response have been used to assess the relationship between EG and HD. The empirical findings demonstrated the existence of a significant two-way relationship between HD and EG in Karnataka. Vaishali Shruti Rastogi Harsh Gandhar 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Internet Addiction and Comorbid Mental Health Problems among Adolescents in India https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222652 Over the past few decades, internet usage has exploded, and internet addiction has become a significant problem across the globe. This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of internet addiction among adolescents (18-20 years) in India and to identify its association with comorbid mental health problems. A total of 240 participants were selected from rural and urban degree colleges of Ludhiana using random sampling for this cross-sectional study. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data, including Young's 20 items internet addiction test to assess the internet addiction and depression anxiety stress scale by Lovibond and Lovibond. The overall prevalence of internet addiction and comorbid mental health problems was 27.1% and 19.58%. In chi-square analyses, internet addiction was significantly associated with depression, anxiety, stress and comorbid mental health problems (p &lt; 0.05). Our study unmasked a greater pervasiveness of internet addiction among adolescents and depicted its association with depression, anxiety and stress. Therefore, measures should be taken to ascertain at-risk youngsters and invoke awareness concerning compulsive use of the internet and the risk of associated mental health problems. Adolescents should be educated to be smart users of technology to benefit from it constructively and productively. Vitasta Dhawan Tejpreet Kaur Kang 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Evaluation of Training Program Content and Tools for Agricultural Extension Services Imparted by Extension Education Institute, Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222653 Enhancing the quality of agricultural and rural development training necessitates the appropriate preparation of trainers. However, the advancement of extension trainer training in India has been gradual and sluggish. Given the dynamic technological landscape, existing competencies become outdated, necessitating the acquisition of new skills. Effective training must extend beyond subject matter expertise to effectively educate adult learners. Furthermore, the globalization and WTO regime have prompted a shift in Indian agriculture from productionoriented technology to market-oriented knowledge and technology. This emphasizes the urgency of implementing a systematic approach to strengthen efforts in trainer training. Hence, the objective of this study was to evaluate the content and tools employed in the Training Program for Agricultural Extension Services provided by the Extension Education Institute in Nilokheri, Karnal, Haryana. Satyakaam Malik Jasvinder Kaur Abhilash Atul Dhingra Rekha Malik 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Quality Education for all: Trends of Education and Analysis of SDG 4 in Haryana https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222654 The state of Haryana has made great strides in bringing the Education for all programme to fruition. Free and mandatory education for all children in India between the ages of six and fourteen has been established as a fundamental right through the implementation of a number of significant initiatives and legislation. The education system in India has received a much-needed boost from programmes like Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (SSA) and Right to Education (RTE). The government of Haryana is committed to ensuring that all of its citizens have access to a highquality education and has implemented a number of programmes to that end, like the scheme for the welfare of school children belonging to SC families, the Cheerag scheme, Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao, etc. Though it has greatly increased enrolment rates in elementary education across the country and in Haryana in particular, issues remain and must be addressed. This paper's overarching concern is with Haryana's current strategies for making SDG 4's emphasis on quality education relevant to the state's specific context through their incorporation into the formulation of a new education policy. It investigates the trends in education attainment at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels in Haryana, as well as the main challenges facing the quality of education and accessibility difficulties within the education sector. Vaishali 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Extent of Financial Inclusion: The Narrow View https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222655 Financial inclusion has been accorded high importance by Reserve Bank to aid the inclusive growth process of the economy. There is a need to measure the demand side financial inclusion to improve credit delivery for unbanked population. The empirical structure of economic output in terms of access to finance, access to savings and borrowings among social and sectoral groups is excluded from finance. In this direction, the researcher has measured real situation of financial inclusion among all the blocks of District Udham Singh Nagar of Uttarakhand. The outreach programmes of RBI have also been helpful in spreading awareness and improving financial literacy. However, in view of this colossal task of financial inclusion, there is a need for the banks to upscale and mainstream their financial inclusion efforts. Based on the primary data survey, extent of Financial Inclusion in Udham Singh Nagar was identified. The analysis of study deals with the status of Financial Inclusion on a wide range of financial inclusion measures, including access to finance, savings behaviour of sample respondents, credit delivery by banks or financial institutions. It examines the underlying reasons for use of these variables in Financial Inclusion monitoring and surveillance. Reetika Bhatt Subodh Agarwal 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Student Leadership: Exploration of Socio-demographic Contour https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222656 The present study aims to determine the leadership abilities of school students and examine the role of certain sociodemographic variables such as economic status and parents' education in developing school students' leadership ability. The study found that infrastructural support and assistance to students help them to flourish leadership skills and there is no gender difference in the context of leadership attitude. However, private schools provide better opportunities to students for developing leadership skills. Renu Yadav 2024-06-30 2024-06-30 13 Doctoral Education and Mental Health: A Psychological Perspective https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222657 Education helps everyone to equip themselves to develop values and satisfy themselves by following the ideals of the culture and society. It acts as a vital component in flourishing by inculcating a sense of meaning and purpose in life. It also helps people to bring out their inherent potential and other qualities by nurturing the environment for an integrated outcome. In recent years India witnessed a gradual shift in the education sector and witnessed many repercussions. Students enrolled in higher education institutions encountered many uncertainties and challenges along with their academic demands. Doctoral students are one among them with more psychosocial problems than other academic communities. Altogether, the threats they experience in the education field limit and not allowing them for a meaningful growth and development. The current article is an attempt to portray the issues and challenges doctoral scholars deal with and also try to suggest some measures to overcome them by implementing certain recommendations. Anjo George M. Vinothkumar 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 The Role of Exercise and Diet in Reducing Osteoporosis https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222658 Millions of people worldwide suffer from osteoporosis, a crippling ailment that poses a serious public health risk. According to Kanis et al. (2019), osteoporosis is a progressive skeletal illness characterised by poor bone density and structural degeneration, which increases fragility and fracture risk. Due to hormonal changes brought on by menopause, older persons are most affected, especially postmenopausal women. Diet and exercise are important factors in lowering the risk of osteoporosis. Exercises involving weight bearing boost bone density and strength, while resistance training further improves bone health by building more muscle. Exercises for balance and flexibility can assist those at risk for osteoporosis avoid falls. Healthy bones are supported by a balanced diet full of essential minerals like calcium and vitamin D. From a young age, including these lifestyle elements into daily activities can significantly lower the risk of osteoporosis and improve overall bone health. Pankaj Gota Satish Kumar Gomati Devi 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Occupational Stress and Occupational Self-efficacy among Male and Female Teachers of State Universities https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222659 Occupational stress is defined as the ongoing stress that is related to the work-place of teachers. This stress can come from colleagues, students and higher authorities also. Occupational self-efficacy is the competence that a person feels concerning the ability to successfully fulfill the tasks involved in his or her job, therefore the study was piloted to examine occupational stress and occupational self-efficacy of teachers. The study was undertaken in the Hisar and Rohtak districts of Haryana state in four universities. Two hundred respondents from Hisar district and Two hundred respondents from Rohtak district thus making a total sample of four hundred respondents from four universities. Equal sample size was taken with regard to gender, i.e., 200 male and 200 female respondents. Occupational Stress Scale by Sharma and Kaur (2014) was used to assess occupational stress of respondents and Occupational Self-efficacy Scale by Pethe, Chaudhari, and Dhar (2000) to assess occupational self-efficacy of respondents. The finding explicates that female respondents had an advanced level of occupational stress than their counterparts due to excessive workload at university as well as at home also but male respondents had better occupational self-efficacy compared to their counterparts. Pinki Duhan K 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Farm of ICAR-CIRB, Sub Campus, Nabha (Punjab) in the Year 2020 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222660 The present study was carried out to establish the culling reasons in Nili Ravi buffalo of CIRB, Sub-Campus Nabha (Pb). All the animals reared were screened for culling reasons, in the month of September, 2020. In case of adult female buffaloes, out of 36 buffaloes, 13 animals (36.11%) were selected for culling on the basis of their milk production potential, i.e., low production was the main reason of culling for adult female buffaloes. Teat blindness (33.33%) was the second biggest reason for selection of adult female buffaloes for culling. Seven (19.44%) of the 36 animals were having reproductive disorders. The reproductive problems included: repeater (3); uterine tumour (1); abortion (2); anestrous and cystic ovary (1). In heifers, infertility problem (repeater, anestrous, &amp; abortion) was the biggest reason of selection for culling, followed by over whiteness and drooping horns. In female calves progressive emaciation followed by arthritis were the main reasons of selection for culling. In case of total 64 male animals, all the animals were surplus and selected for culling and two animals were also selected for culling because of their over white markings on the body additionally.. Ashwani Kumar Saini Ram Singh 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 The Relationship of Physiological Parameters and Subjective Strain in Manual Material Handling (MMH) Task https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222661 The most common types of injuries associated with manual handling are strains, sprains, fractures, lower back pain from awkward postures, muscle fatigue, and musculoskeletal issues affecting the back, neck, shoulders, elbows, and hands. Therefore, the fundamental approaches for evaluating the manual material handling are physiological, psychophysical, and biomechanical, with physiological and psychophysical approaches being the most common. Whereas the psychophysical approach concerned with analyzing the subjective strain of the worker's experience during lifting tasks that depends on individual fitness. Thus, in the present paper, it was tried to explore the interrelationships among physiological parameters (heart rate, energy expenditure) and subjective strain felt by manual handlers when lifting heavy loads. Kumkum Pandey Deepa Vinay Priya Pandey 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Analytical Study of Glass Ceiling and Indian Women in Corporate Scenario https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222662 This paper targets zeroing in on biased-based impediment variety of issues in association with social predispositions and orientation generalizations what's more, the methodologies associated mostly ought to require to promote and advance qualified ladies in aware and top positions. For many years, it has been established that the presence of ladies in senior administrative positions is extremely low regardless of having a great scholarship, a good skill set, plenty of information, efficiency and productivity and this happens as it were because of the boundaries like mental blockage or biases and unfair limitation peculiarity. Associations distribute their monetary records to uncover their monetary well-being and to spur investors according to monetary contemplations yet the undetectable asset reports of HR are uneven from the long past according to orientation is concerned and are putting our general public and ladies down. This study aims at reviewing the glass ceiling effect and its barriers in the organisation. Hoori Nadir 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 An Impact of the Changes in Family Life and Structure in India https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222663 Family, the smallest and most basic unit of human organization has been the fundamental keystone across all the societies on the face of the earth. The importance of family can be conceived simply by the fact that it lays down the foundation for the growth of any individual. In India, the family was traditionally thought to be an encompassing unit serving all the social and economic functions collectively. Over the years various forces interplaying their roles have led to changes in our understanding of family. Indian family, per se, was characterized by “Jointness” with the patriarchal structure being an exception in certain pockets. The exposition of structural changes in the Indian family has been looked at in detail as the related impact that they have on women, children and other family members. The paper, therefore, is an attempt to gauge the intricacies of the traditional family structure and its related meaning. Kushagra Prasad Vinod Kumari Subhash Chander 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13 Role of Social Media Usage on Academic Development of Adolescent Students: A Systematic Review https://i-scholar.in/index.php/injems/article/view/222664 Today's most frequent social media users are adolescent students. Adolescent students grow up in an environment where social media will mediate various aspects of their lives. Their use of social media, consequently, shapes many of their experiences. Subsequently, questions emerge about the effects of social media on adolescent students due to how ingrained social media is in their life. A systematic review of seven articles was used to collect information on the influence of social media on adolescent students' academic life; the studies collected concluded that using social media could have both positive and negative consequences on adolescent students' academic growth. Chhavi Gupta Ritu Modi 2023-06-30 2023-06-30 13