Ballal, Chandish R.

• Predatory Potential of Two Indigenous Anthocorid Predators on Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and Paracoccus Marginatus Williams and Granara De Willink

Abstract Views :318  |  PDF Views:111

Authors

Chandish R. Ballal ¹, Tripti Gupta ¹, Sunil Joshi ¹

Affiliations
1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects (ICAR), H. A. Farm P. O., Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 26, No 1 (2012), Pagination: 18-22

Abstract

The predatory potential of two anthocorid predators, Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius and Anthocoris muraleedharani Yamada on cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink was studied under laboratory conditions. During the nymphal stage, A. muraleedharani could feed on a total of 66 crawlers of P. solenopsis and the adult consumed 141 crawlers. Young nymphs (3-4 day old) of B. pallescens could not predate on P. solenopsis, crawlers, while, the mature nymph could consume 35 P. solenopsis crawlers and adult 23 crawlers. B. pallescens could feed on P. marginatus and the feeding potential was recorded as 18, 29 and 31 crawlers, for young nymph, mature nymph and adult, respectively. However, the longevity of B. pallescens was found significantly reduced when fed on P. marginatus. A. muraleedharani could not predate on P. marginatus. Though B. pallescens could predate on both mealybug species, A. muraleedharani appeared to be a more voracious predator of P. solenopsis based on its greater predatory potential, higher adult longevity and shorter nymphal duration.

Keywords

Anthocoris muraleedharani, Blaptostethus pallescens, Feeding Potential, Paracoccus marginatus and Phenacoccus solenopsis.

Full Text

   

References

• Ballal CR, Singh SP, Poorani J, Gupta T. 2003. Biology and rearing requirements of an anthocorid predator, Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). J Biol Control 17: 29–33.
• CABI (2005) Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
• Devi WS, Singh OD, Varatharajan R. 2007. Predatory efficiency and biology of two species of anthocorid bugs feeding on Megalurothrips distalis (Karny) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Biol Control 21(Special): 193–196.
• Ballal CR, Singh SP, Poorani J, Gupta T. 2003. Biology and rearing requirements of an anthocorid predator, Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). J Biol Control 17: 29–33.
• CABI (2005) Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
• Devi WS, Singh OD, Varatharajan R. 2007. Predatory efficiency and biology of two species of anthocorid bugs feeding on Megalurothrips distalis (Karny) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). J Biol Control 21(Special): 193–196.
• Dharajyoti B, Surulivelu T, Gopalakrishnan N. 2008. Status of mealybug on cotton in various parts of India. Proceedings of the National Consultation for Mealybug Management, Central Institute for Cotton Research, January 28 – 29, 2008; Nagpur, India, p. 8–10.
• Fabres G, Matile-Ferrero D. 1980. Natural enemies attacking the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) in the People’s Republic of Congo. I. The components of the entomocoenose and their interrelations.Ann Soc Entomol Fr. 16: 509–515.
• Gomaa WO, Agamy EA. 2002. Tyrophagus putriscentiae Schr. (Acari: Acarididae) as prey for rearing the predator Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Egypt J Biol Pest Control 12: 91–93.
• Gupta T, Ballal CR. 2006. Biology and feeding potential of an anthocorid predator, Orius tantillus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) on Sitotroga cerealella. Indian J Plant Prot. 34: 168–172.
• Gupta T, Ballal CR, Joshi S. 2011. Preferential feeding potential of an anthocorid predator Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius on different stages of cotton mealybug. p. 8. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Mass Production and Commercialisation of Arthropod Biological control agents, 102 p.
• Hagler JR, Jackson CG, Isaacs R, Machtley SA. 2004. Foraging behavior and prey interactions by a guild of predators on various lifestages of Bemisia tabaci. J Insect Sci (Tucson) 4: 1.
• Jalali SK, Singh SP, 2002. Seasonal activity of stem borers and their natural enemies on fodder maize. Entomon 27: 137–146.
• Kemasa O, Kaewpradit A, Suasaard W. 2008. Biology of Orius maxidentex Ghauri (Hemiptera: Anthocordidae) and feeding capacity against Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Proc. 46th Kasetsart University Annual Conference, 52–57.
• Li Li Montgomery ME, Yu GuoYue 2009. Functional responses of Tetraphleps galchanoides preying on different stages of hemlock woolly adelgid. Chinese Bull Entomol. 46: 72–76.
• Maneerat T, Rattanaka S, Suasa-ard W. Efficacy of Wollastoniella rotunda Yasunaga & Miyamoto (Hemiptera:Anthocoridae) for biological control of Thrips palmi Karny (Thrysanoptera: Thripidae). Proc. 46th Kasetsart University Annual Conference, 135–141.
• McAvoy TJ, Zilahi Balogh GMG, Salom SM, Kok LT, Guoliang Z. 2007. Development and feeding of Tetraphleps galchanoides, a predator of the hemlock woolly adelgid. Bio Control 52: 339–350.
• Mendes SM, Bueno VHP, Argolo VM. Silveira LCP. 2002. Type of prey influences biology and consumption rate of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae). Rev Bras Entomol 46: 99–103.
• Meyling NV, Enkegaard A, Brodsgaard H. 2003. Two Anthocoris bugs as predators of glasshouse aphids - voracity and prey preference. Entomol Exp Appl. 108: 59–70.
• Montserrat M, Albajes R, Castane C. 2000. Comparative behaviour of three predators used in biological control in greenhouse crops. Bulletin OILB/SROP. 23: 267–272.
• Muraleedharan N. 1977. Some genera of anthocorinae (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) from South India. Entomon 2: 231–235.
• Poppius B. 1909. Beträge zur Kenntnis der Anthocoriden. Acta Soc Sci Fennicae 37: 1–43.
• Riudavates J, Castane C. 1998. Identification and evaluation of native predators of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera:Thripidae) in the Mediterranean. Environ Entomol. 27: 86–93.
• Sanderson JP, Brodsgaard HF, Enkegaard A. 2005. Preference assessment of two Orius spp. for Neoseiulus cucumeris vs.Frankliniella occidentalis. Bulletin OILB/SROP. 28: 221–224.
• Santi F, Maini S. 2006. Predation upon Adalia bipunctata and Harmonia axyridis eggs by Chrysoperla carnea larvae and Orius laevigatus adults. Bull Insectol. 59: 53–58.
• Sengonca C, Ahmadi K, Blaeser P. 2008. Biological characteristics of Orius similis Zheng (Heteroptera, Anthocoridae) by feeding on different aphid species as prey. J Plant Dis Prot. 115: 32–38.
• Sigsgaard L, Esbjerg P, Philipsen H. 2006. Experimental releases of Anthocoris nemoralis F. and Anthocoris nemorum (L.) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) against pear psyllid Cacopsylla pyri L. (Homoptera: Psyllidae) in pear. Biol Control 39: 87–95.
• Soglia M. da CM, Bueno VHP, Carvalho LM. 2007. Effect of alternative prey on development and consumption of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae) and oviposition behavior on chrysanthemum cultivars. Rev Brasi de Entomol.51: 512–517.
• Suresh S, Jothimani R, Sivasubramanian P, Karuppuchamy P., Samiyappan R, Jonathan EI. 2010. Invasive mealybugs of Tamil Nadu and their management. Karnataka J Agric Sci. 23: 6–9.
• Tawfik MFS, EI-Husseini MM. 1971. The history of the anthocorid predator, Blaptostethus piceus Fieber var. pallescens Poppius (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Bull Soc Entomol. 55: 239–252.
• Tawfik MFS, Kira MT, Metwally SMI. 1974. On the abundance of of major pests and their associated predators in corn plantations. Bull Soc. Entomol. 58: 167–177.
• Tohamy TH, El Raheem AAA, El-Rawy AM. 2008. Role of the cultural practices and natural enemies for suppressing infestation of the pink sugarcane mealybug, Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in sugarcane fields at Minia Governorate, Middle Egypt, Egypt, J Biol Pest Control 18: 177–188.
• Yamada K, Ballal CR, Gupta T, Poorani J. 2010. Description of a new species of Anthocoris (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) from southern India, associated with striped mealybug on purple orchid tree. Acta Entomol Mus Nat Pragae 50: 415–424.

• Syrphid Predators for Biological Control of Aphids

Abstract Views :892  |  PDF Views:167

Authors

Sunil Joshi ¹, Chandish R. Ballal ¹

Affiliations
1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 024, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 27, No 3 (2013), Pagination: 151-170

Abstract

The family Syrphidae is divided into three subfamilies viz., Syrphinae, Milesiinae and Microdontinae. Majority of aphidophagous syrphids belong to the subfamily Syrphinae. Most species are terrestrial, while a few species are aquatic or live in very moist situation. Among the terrestrial forms at least 25 per cent are predacious, chiefly aphidophagous. There are more than 4700 species worldwide with 312 species under 71 genera known from the Indian subcontinent. Many studies have been conducted on the biology, intrinsic rate of increase, feeding behavior and factors affecting their oviposition and techniques for their multiplication. Relatively, less importance has been given to their field evaluation and to the studies dealing with reasons tracing causes for their less effectiveness in the open field. Recently, considerable efforts have been made to enhance their effectiveness by manipulating their habitat. Development of techniques for their effective shipment and release are necessary. Release rates, stage to be released, and stage which can be stored at low temperature need to be identified.

Keywords

Aphids, Biology, Biological Control, Syrphids.

Full Text

   

References

• Adams THL. 1984. The effectiveness of aphid-specific predators in preventing outbreaks of cereal aphids. Ph.D. Thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Great Britain, 129 p.
• Adashkevich BP, Karelin VD. 1972. The rearing of Syrphids (Diptera: Syrphidae) in the laboratory. Zoologi Zhurnal, 51: 1395–1398.
• Agarawala BK, Laska P, Raychaudhuri DN. 1984. Prey records of aphidophagous syrphid flies from India (Diptera: Syrphidae). Acta Ent Bohemoslov. 81: 15–21.
• Alhmedi A, Haubruge E, Francis F. 2010. Intraguild interactions and aphid predators: biological efficiency of Harmonia axyridis and Episyrphus balteatus. J Appl Ent. 134(1): 34–44.
• Almohamad R, Verheggen FJ, Francis F, Haubruge E. 2010. Intraguild interactions between the predatory hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus (Diptera: Syrphidae) and the Asian ladybird, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): effect of larval tracks. European J Ent. 107(1): 41–45.
• Almohamad R, Verheggen FJ, Francis F, Lognay G, Haubruge E. 2010. Assessment of oviposition site quality by aphidophagous hoverflies: reaction to conspecific larvae. Animal Behaviour 79(3): 589–594.
• Arshad Ali, Rizvi PQ, Khan FR. 2009. On the predation of aphids by Ischiodon scutellaris (Diptera: Syrphidae) under natural environment. Bionotes 11(3): 95–96.
• Aubert J, de Tiefenau, PG. 1981. Observations sur les migrations de Syrphides (Dipt.) dans les Alpes de la Suisse occidentale. Mitteilungen Schweizerischen Entomol Gesellschaft 54: 377–388.
• Azab AK, Tawfik MFS, Fahmy HSM, Awadallah, KT. 1971. Effect of some insecticides on the larvae of the aphidophagous syrphid, Xanthogramma aegyptium Wied. (Diptera, Syrphidae). Bull Ento Soc Egypt Econ Series 5: 37–45.
• Bankowska R, Mikolajczyk W, Palmowska J, Trojan P. 1978. Aphid-aphidophage community in alfalfa cultures (Medicago sativa L.) in Poland. Part 3. Abundance regulation of Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.) in a chain of oligophagous predators. Annales Zoologici (Warsaw), 34: 39–77.
• Barlow CA. 1979. Energy utilization by larvae of the flower fly, Syrphus corollae (Dipt. Syrphidae). Canadian Entomol. 111: 897–904.
• Barlow CA, Wottingham JA. 1986. Feeding economy of larvae of a flower fly, Metasyrphus corollae (Dipt.: Syrphidae): partial consumption of prey. Entomophaga, 31: 49–57.
• Baskaran RKM, Sasikumar S, Rajavel DS, Suresh K. 2009. Influence of pollen grains on fecundity of aphidophagous syrphid, Paragus serratus (Fab.) (Diptera: Syrphidae). Hexapoda 16(1): 66–67.
• Baskaran RKM, Sasikumar S, Rajavel DS, Suresh K. 2009. Influence of semi-synthetic diet on fecundity of Paragus serratus. Ann Pl Prot Sci. 17(1): 235–236.
• Baskaran RKM, Sasikumar S, Rajavel DS, Suresh K. 2008. Species diversity of aphidophagous syrphids in Southern Districts of Tamil Nadu. Insect Env. 14(3): 120–122.
• Bayrak N, Hayat R. 2008. Faunistic studies on the species of Syrphidae (Diptera) in Kayseri province. Bitki Koruma Bulteni 48(4): 35–49.
• Ben Saad AA, Bishop GW. 1976. Effect of artificial honeydew on insect communities in potato fields. Env Ent. 5: 453–457.
• Benestad E. 1970a. Laboratory experiments on the biology of Syrphus corollae (Fabr.) (Dipt.: Syrphidae). Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 17: 77–85.
• Benestad E. 1970b. Food consumption at various temperature conditions in larvae of Syrphus corollae (Fabr.) (Dipt.: Syrphidae). Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 17: 87–91:
• Bhatia HL. 1931. Studies in the life histories of three Indian Syrphidae. Ind J Agric Sci. 1: 503–513.
• Bhatia HL. 1939. Biology, morphology and anatomy of aphidophagous syrphid larvae. Parasitology 31: 78–129.
• Bhatia HL, Saffi M. 1932. Life histories of some Indian syrphidae. Indian J Agric Sci. 2: 561.
• Bijaya P, Varatharajan R, Singh TK. 1996. Predatory potential, population density and development of Betasyrphus serarius (Wied.), a syrphid predator of Brevicoryne brassicae (Linn.) on cabbage. Uttar Pradesh J Zool. 16: 114–116.
• Bombosch S. 1962a. On the influence of food quantity on the development of Syrphus corollae. Z Angew Ent. 50: 40–45.
• Bombosch S. 1962b. Investigation on the release of oviposition in Syrphus corollae. Z Angew Ent. 50: 80–81.
• Borror D, Delong DM, Triplehorn CA. 1976. An introduction to the study of insects. Rinechart and Co., New York.
• Bribosia E, Bylemans D, Huysmans S, Schweitzer P, Migon M, Impe G van. 2005. The use of common elder Sambucus nigra to promote Aphidophagous syrphids in apple orchards. Communications in Agric Appl Biol Sci. 70(4): 527–538.
• Bugg RL, Wilson LT. 1989. Ammi visnaga (L.) Lamarck (Apiaceae): associated beneficial insects and implications for biological control, with emphasis on the bell-pepper agroecosystem. Biol Agric Horti. 6: 241–268.
• Bulganin Mitra, Mukherjee M, Banerjee D. 2008. A check list of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Eastern Himalayas. Rec Zool Surv India 284: 1–47.
• Chambers RJ. 1986. Preliminary experiments on the potential of hover flies [Dipt., Syrphidae] for the control of aphids under glass. Entomophaga 31: 197–204.
• Chambers RJ. 1988. Syrphidae. In: Aphids, World Crop Pests. Volume B. (Eds. Minks, AK and Harrewijn, P.) Elsevir Publication, New York.
• Chambers RJ, Adams THL. 1986. Quantification of the impact of hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) on cereal aphids in winter wheat: an analysis of field populations. J App Eco. 23: 895–904.
• Chambers RJ, Sunderland KD, Stacey DL, Wyatt IJ. 1986. Control of cereal aphids in winter wheat by natural enemies: aphid-specific predators, parasitoids and pathogenic fungi. Ann App Bio. 108: 219–231.
• Chambers RJ, Sunderland KD, Wyatt IJ, Vickerman GP. 1983. The effects of predator exclusion and caging on cereal aphids in winter wheat. J App Eco. 20: 209– 224.
• Chandler AEF. 1968a. A preliminary key to the eggs of some of the common aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera) occurring in Britain. Trans Royal Ent Soc London 120: 199–217.
• Chandler AEF. 1968b. Some factors influencing the site and occurrence of oviposition by aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera). Ann App Bio. 61: 435–446.
• Chandler AEF. 1968c. Some host plant factors affecting oviposition by aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera). Ann App Bio. 61: 415–423.
• Chandler AEF. 1968d. The relationship between aphid infestations and oviposition by aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera). Ann App Bio. 61: 425–434.
• Chandler AEF. 1969. Locomotory behaviour of first instar larvae of ahidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera) after contact with aphids. Animal Behaviour 7: 673–678.
• Coe RL. 1953. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects. Vol. X, Part 1, Diptera: Syrphidae. Royal Ent Soc London 98 p.
• Colignon P, Francis F, Fadeur G, Haubruge E. 2004. Management of the floristic composition of agroenvironmental mixtures with the aim of increasing beneficial insect populations. Parasitica 60(3/4): 51–66.
• Cornelius M, Barlow CA. 1980. Effect of aphid consumption by larvae on development and re-productive efficiency of a flower fly, Syrphus corollae (Diptera: Syrphidae). Canadian Entomol. 112: 989–992.
• Deoras PJ. 1942. Description of and biolgical notes on a new species of Syrphidae from India. Indian J Ent 4: 217–219.
• Devi CL, Singh TK. 2000. The functional response of Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae), a predator of mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). J Aphid 14: 73–76.
• Devi CL, Varatharajan R, Singh TK. 1996. Prey-predator relations of Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and aphidophagous syrphids on mustard. Uttar Pradesh J Zool. 16: 9–12.
• Devjani P, Singh TK. 2006. Larval development and prey consumption of five aphidophagous predators in relation to two aphid species. Advances in Indian Entomology: Productivity and Health a Silver Jubilee, Supplement No. 3, Volume-II, Insect Environ. 121–125.
• Dhanapatidevi K, Varatharajan, R. 2007. Prey-predator relations with reference to tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) and syrphid predators. J Bio Con. 21(Special): 125–128.
• Dhingra S. 1993. Development of resistance in the bean aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch to various synthetic pyrethroids with special reference to change in susceptibility of some important aphid species during the last one and a quarter decade. J Ent Res. 17: 244– 248.
• Dhingra S. 1994. Development of resistance in the bean aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. to various insecticides used nearly a quarter century. J Ent Res. 18: 105–108.
• Dixon TJ. 1960. Key to and descriptions of the third instar larvae of some species of Syrphidae (Diptera) occurring in Britain. Trans Royal Ent Soc London 112: 345–379.
• Dusek J, Laska P, Sedny J. 1979. Parasitisation of aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera) by Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in the Palearctic Region. Acta Ent Bohemoslavica 76: 366–378.
• Ehteshamnia N, Khaghaninia S, Pourabad RF. 2010. Some hoverflies of subfamily Syrphinae of Qurigol fauna in East Azerbayjan province, Iran (Diptera: Syrphidae). Munis Ent Zool. 5(2): 499–505.
• Elanchezhyan K, Baskaran RKM, Rajavel DS. 2008. Influence of intercrops on incidence of major pests of brinjal and their natural enemies. Ann Pl Prot Sci. 16(1): 87–91.
• Finch S. 1992. Improving the selectivity of water traps for monitoring population of the cabbage ischolar_main fly. Ann App Biol. 120: 1–7.
• Firempong S Kumar R. 1975. Natural enemies of Toxoptera aurantii (Boy.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cocoa in Ghana. Bio J Lin Soc. 7: 261–292.
• Forbes AR, Frazer BD, Chan CK. 1985. Aphids. In: Handbook of Insect Rearing Vol. I., pp. 355-359. Singh, Pritam and Moore, RE. Elsevier Science Publishing Company Inc., New York.
• Frazer BD. 1972. A simple and efficient method of rearing aphidophagous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae). J Ent Soc British Columbia 69: 23-–24.
• Frazer BD. 1988. Predators. In: Mink, A. K. and Harrewijn, P. Aphids, their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. World Crop Pests 2B (Eds). Elsevier, Amsterdam. 450p.
• Gaudchau M. 1979. Vergleichende Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von Priidatoren auf die Populationsentwicklung der Erbsenblattlaus, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.). Zeitschrift fur Ang Ent. 88: 504–513.
• Gaudchau M. 1982. Zur Frassleistung von Syrphidenlarven (Syrphus corollae: Syrphidae. Dipt.) als Blattlauspriidatoren unter Gewachshausbedingungen. Zeitschrift fur Ang Ent. 93: 425–429.
• Ghorpadé KD. 1981b. Insect prey of Syrphidae (Diptera) from India and neighbouring countries: a Review and Bibliography. Trop Pest Mgmt. 27: 62–82.
• Ghorpadé KD. 1994. Diagnostic keys to new and known genera of species of Indian subcontinent Syrphinae (Diptera: Syrphidae). Colemania 3: 1–15.
• Ghorpadé KD. 1973. A faunistic study of the hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Bangalore, southern India. x+208 p. M.Sc, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.
• Ghorpadé KD. 1981a. A taxonomic revision of Syrphini (Diptera: Syrphidae) from the Indian subcontinent. 381 pp. Ph.D. thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India).
• Ghosh AK. 1974. Aphids (Homoptera: Insecta) of economic importance of India. Ind Agri. 18: 1–214.
• Ghosh LK, Basu RC. 1995. Insecta: Hemiptera: Homoptera: Aphididae. State Fauna Series 4, Fauna of Meghalaya, Zoo Sur India 4: 1–230.
• Gilbert FS. 1981. Foraging ecology of hover flies: morphology of the mouthparts in relation to feeding on nectar and pollen in some common species. Eco Ent. 6: 245–262.
• Gilbert FS. 1985. Diurnal activity patterns in hover flies (Diptera, Syrphidae). Eco Ent. 10: 385–392.
• Goeldlin de Tiefenau P. 1974. Contribution a l’etude systematique et’ecologique des Syrphidae (Dipt.) de la Suisse occidentale. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesell schaft 47: 151–152.
• Haenke S, Scheid B, Schaefer M, Tscharntke T, Thies C. 2009. Increasing syrphid fly diversity and density in sown flower strips within simple vs. complex landscapes. J App Eco. 46(5): 1106–1114.
• Hagen KS, Sawall EF, Tassan RL. 1972. The use of food sprays to increase effectiveness of entomophagous insects. In: Proceedings of Tall Timbers Conference on Ecological Animal Control by Habitat Management, 1, Tallahassee, FL, pp. 59–81.
• Hagvar EB. 1974. Effectiveness of larvae of Syrphus ribesii and S. corollae (Diptera: Syrphidae) as predators on Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphldldae). Entomophaga 19: 123–134.
• Hassan SA, Bigler F, Bogenschutz H, Brown JU, Firth SI, Huang P, Ledieu MS, Naton E, Dmen PA, Overmeer WPJ, Rieckman W, Samsoe-Petersen L, Viggiani G, Van Zon, AQ. 1983. Results of the second joint pesticides testing programme by the IOBC/WPRS Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Arthropods”. Zeitschrift fur Angewandte Entomologie 95: 151–158.
• Hellpap C. 1982. Untersuchungen zur Wirkung verschiedener Insektizide auf Priidatoren von Getreideblattliiusen unter Freilandbedingungen. Anzeiger fur Schiidlingskunde, Pflanzenund Umweltschutz 55: 129–131.
• Holloway BA. 1979. Pollen feeding in hover flies (Diptera: Syrphidae). New Zealand J Zool. 3: 339–350.
• Holmes P. 1983. A field study of the ecology of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae and its predators. Ph.D. Thesis, Cranfield Institute of Technology, Bedford, Great Britain, 306 pp.
• Horej M. 1982. Natural control of Aphis fabae Scop. population by Syrphidae (Diptera) on sugar beet. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 52: 287–294.
• Horn DJ. 1981. Effect of weedy backgrounds on colonisationi of collards by green peach aphid, Myzus persicae and its major predators. Env Ent. 10: 285–289.
• Ito K, Iwao S. 1977. Oviposition behaviour of a syrphid, Episyrphus balteatus, in relation to aphid density on the plant. Japanese J App Ent Zool. 21: 130–134.
• Iwai H, Niijima K, Matsuka M. 2007. An artificial diet for aphidophagous syrphids, Episyrphus balteatus (de Geer) and Eupeodes bucculatus (Rondani) (Diptera: Syrphidae) using drone honeybee brood powder. App Ent Zool. 42(2): 167–172.
• Iwai H, Niijima K, Matsuka M. 2009. Improvement of artificial diet for aphidophagous syrphids, Episyrphus balteatus (de Geer) and Eupeodes bucculatus (Rondani) (Diptera: Syrphidae) additional effects of fatty acids and preservatives. App Ent Zool. 44(3): 439–446.
• Jankowska B. 2004. Parasitoids of aphidophagous Syrphidae occurring in cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) colonies on cabbage vegetables. J Pl Pro Res. 44(4): 299–305.
• Joshi S, Ballal CR, Rao NS. 2001. Intrinsic rate of natural increase of Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius) (Syrphidae), a predator of Aphis craccivora Koch. J Insect Sci Ludhiana 14(1/2): 15–18.
• Joshi S, Ballal CR, Rao NS. 1998. An efficient and simple mass culturing technique for Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius), an aphidophagous syrphid. Ind J Pl Prot. 26: 56–61.
• Joshi S, Ballal CR, Rao NS. 1999a. Evaluation of potential of syrphid predators Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius) and Paragus serratus (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae). J Aphid 13: 9–16.
• Joshi S, Ballal CR, Rao NS. 1999b. Species complex, population density and dominance structure of aphidophagous syrphids in cowpea ecosystem. Entomon 24: 203–213.
• Joshi S, Ballal CR, Rao NS. 2000. The age specific life-table of Paragus serratus (Fabricius) and Paragus yerburiensis Stuckenberg (Diptera: Syrphidae), predators of Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae). J Aphid 14: 67–72.
• Joshi S, Venkatesan T, Ballal CR, Rao NS. 1999c. Comparative biology and predatory efficiency of six syrphids on Aphis craccivora Koch. Pest Mgmt Hort Ecosys. 5: 1–6.
• Karnatak AK, Thorat PV. 2006. Feeding potential of a ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata and a syrphid, Xanthogramma scutellare on mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi. J App Bio. 32(1): 123–125.
• Kennedy JS, Day MR, Eastop VF. 1962. A conspectus of aphids as vectors of plant viruses, Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London, 114.
• Khaghaninia S. 2010. Faunistic study on flower flies of Zunuz region in East Azerbayjan province- Iran (Diptera; Syrphidae). Munis Ent Zool. 5(2): 586–593.
• Kirknel E. 1975. The effect of various insecticides in laboratory experiments with two aphid predators, the seven-spotted ladybird (Coccinella septempunctata (L.) and larvae of hover flies (Metasyrphus corollae Fabr.). Tidsskrift Planteavl 79: 393–404.
• Knutson LV, Thompson FC, Vockeroth JR. 1975. Family Syrphidae. P. 307–374. In: M.D. Delfinado and D.E. hardy (Eds.) A Catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Volume 2, University Press of Hawaii, Honolulu.
• Kotwal DR, Bhalla OP, Verma AK. 1984. Natural enemies of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linn.) in the mid-hill regions of Himachal Pradesh. Ind J Agric Sci. 54: 1011–1012.
• Kumar A, Kapoor VC, Mahal MS. 1988. Population buildup and dispersion of immature stages of aphidophagous syrphids (Syrphidae: Diptera) on Raya, Brassica juncea Coss. J Ins Sci. 1: 39–84.
• Kumar A, Kapoor VC, Mahal MS. 1989. Pupal population of aphidophagous syrphids and their hyperparasitism on Brassica juncea Coss. J Ins Sci. 2: 114–118.
• Kumar A, Kapoor VC, Mahal MS. 1996. Feeding behaviour and efficacy of three aphidophagous syrphids. J Ins Sci. 9: 15–18.
• Lal R, Gupta L. 1953. Morphology of immature stages of Sphaerophoria scutellaris (Fab.) (Syrphidae: Diptera) with notes on its biology. Ind J Ent. 15: 207–218.
• Lal R, Haque E. 1955. Effect of nutrition under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity on longevity and fecundity of Sphaerophoria scutellaris (Fabr.) (Syrphidae: Diptera)- efficacy of its maggot as aphid predator. Ind J Ent. 17: 317–325.
• Laska P. 1973. Toxicity of pirimicarb and other pesticides to coccinellids and syrphids, pp. 681–685. In: Proceedings of the 7th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference, Brighton, Great Britain, November 1973.
• Leir V, Barlow CA. 1982. Effects of starvation and age on foraging efficiency and speed of consumption by larvae of a flower fly, Metasyrphus corollae (Syrphidae). Canadian Entomol. 114: 897–900.
• Leroy PD, Verheggen FJ, Capella Q, Francis F, Haubrug E. 2010. An introduction device for the aphidophagous hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus (De Geer) (Diptera: Syrphidae). Biol Cont. 54(3): 181–188.
• Likhil EK, Mallapur CP. 2007. Effect of insecticides/ botanicals on woolly aphid predator, Eupeodes confrater (Diptera: Syrphidae) under laboratory condition. Ins Envi. 12(4): 150–153.
• Likhil EK, Mallapur CP. 2009. Studies on syrphid species complex and their natural enemies in sugarcane ecosystem in northern Karnataka. Entomon 34(1): 53–56.
• Makhmoor HD, Verma AK. 1987. Bionomics of major aphidophagous syrphids occurring in mid-hill regions of Himachal Pradesh. J Bio Cont. 1: 23–31.
• Makhmoor HD, Verma AK. 1989. The intrinsic rate of natural increase of Metasyrphus confrater (Wied.) (Diptera: Syrphidae) a predator of the cabbage aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). Proc Ind Nat Acad Sci. 55: 79–84.
• Mandal SMA, Patnaik NC. 2006. Predatory potential of aphidophagous predators associated with cabbage crop. J Pl. Prot Environ. 3(1): 81–86.
• Mandal SMA, Patnaik NC. 2008. Interspecific abundance and seasonal incidence of aphids and aphidophagous predators associated with cabbage. J Biol Cont. 22(1): 195–198.
• Morales MN, Marinoni L. 2009. Cladistic analysis and taxonomic revision of the scutellaris group of Palpada Macquart (Diptera: Syrphidae). Inv Syst. 23(4): 301–347.
• Neuenschwander P, Hagen KS, Smith RF. 1975. Predation on aphids in California’s alfalfa fields. Hilgardia 43: 53–78.
• Owen J. 1981. Trophic variety and abundance of hover flies in an English suburban garden. Holarctic Ecol. 4: 221–228.
• Patro B, Behera MK. 1992. Bionomics of Paragus (Paragus) serratus (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae), a predator of the bean aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. Trop Sci. 33: 131–135.
• Patro B, Behera MK. 2002. Biology and feeding potential of Sphaerophoria javana Weid. (Diptera: Syrphidae) on the bean aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. J Biol Cont. 16: 165–167.
• PDBC (1998). Annual Report, 1997-98. Project Directorate of Biological Control, ICAR, Bangalore - 560 024, 217 p.
• PDBC (1999). Annual Report, 1998-99. Project Directorate of Biological Control, ICAR, Bangalore, India 234 p.
• PDBC (2000). Annual Report, 1999-2000. Project Directorate of Biological Control, ICAR, Bangalore, India, 218 pp.
• Peterson A. 1960. Larvae of Insects. An Introduction to Nearctic Species. Part II. Columbus, Ohio. 416 p.
• Pineda A, Marcos Garcia MA. 2006. First data on the population dynamics of aphidophagous syrphids in Mediterranean pepper greenhouses.
• Pineda A, Marcos Garcia MA. 2008. Evaluation of several strategies to increase the residence time of Episyrphus balteatus (Diptera, Syrphidae) releases in sweet pepper greenhouses. Ann App Biol. 152(3): 271–276.
• Pineda A, Marcos Garcia MA. 2008. Introducing barley as aphid reservoir in sweet-pepper green-houses: effects on native and released hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae). European J Ent. 105(3): 531–535.
• Pineda A Marcos Garcia MA. 2008. Seasonal abundance of aphidophagous hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) and their population levels in and outside Mediterranean sweet pepper greenhouses. Ann Ent Soc America 101(2): 384–391.
• Poehling HM, Dehne HW, Picard K. 1985. Untersuchungen’zumEinsatz von Fenvalerate zur Bekiimpfung von Getreideblattlausen in Winterweizen unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung von Nebenwirkungen auf Nutzarthropoden. Mededelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwweten-schappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent. 50: 539–554.
• Pollard E. 1969. The effects of removal of arthropod predators on an infestation of Brevicoryne brassicae (Hemiptera, Aphididae) on Brussels sprouts. Ent Exp Applic. 12: 118–124.
• Pollard E. 1971. Hedges, VI. Habitat diversity and crop pests. A study of Brevicoryne brassicae and its syrphid predators. J App Ecol. 8: 751–780.
• Proctor JH, Baranyovits FL. 1969. Pirimicarb: a new specific aphicide for use in integrated control programmes, pp. 546–549. In: Proceedings of the 5th British Insecticide and Fungicide Conference, Brighton, Great Britain, November 1969.
• Proctor M, Yeo P. 1973. The Pollination of Flowers. New Naturalist Series, No. 54, Collins, London. 418 p.
• Puttarudriah M, Channabasavanna GP. 1957. Some insect predators of aphids. Mysore Agric J. 32: 158–161.
• Rabbinge R, Ankersmit GW, Pak GA. 1979. Epidemiology and simulation of population development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat. Netherlands J Pl Pathol. 85: 197–220.
• Radhakrishnan B, Muraleedharan N. 1993. Bio-ecology of six species of syrphid predators of the tea aphid, Toxoptera aurantii (Boyer de Fonscolombe) in southern India. Entomon 18: 175–180.
• Rao GMVP, Venkateswarlu P, Raju K, Sivaramakrishna M. 2007. Role of tall growing millet crops in the biological suppression of aphid, Myzus nicotianae Blackman in bidi tobacco. J Biol Cont. 21(Special): 55–58.
• Rao VP. 1969. Final Report of the Scheme on Survey for Natural Enemies of Aphids in India. CIBC Indian Station, 93 pp.
• Raworth DA. 1984. Population dynamics of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) at Vancouver, British Columbia, V. A simulation model. Canadian Entomol. 116: 895–911.
• Raychaudhuri DN. 1983. Food Plant Catalogue of Indian Aphididae, Aphidological Society of India, Calcutta, India.
• Rossi J, Gamba U, Pinna M, Spagnolo S, Visentin C, Alma A. 2007. Survey of syrphid fauna (Diptera: Syrphidae) in organic apple orchards in North Western Italy. Bolletino-di-Agric Biol. 3: 23–34.
• Rotheray GE. 1979. The biology and host-searching behaviour of a cynipoid parasite of aphidophagous syrphid larvae. Ecol Ent. 4: 75–82.
• Rotheray GE. 1981. Host searching and oviposition behaviour of some parasitoids of aphidophagous Syrphidae. Ecol Ent. 6: 79–87.
• Rotheray GE. 1984. Host relations, life cycles and multiparasitism in some parasitoids of aphidophagous Syrphidae (Diptera). Ecol Ent. 9: 303–310.
• Rotheray GE. 1985. Arrested development of Syrphus ribesii (L.) larvae (Diptera: Syrphidae) caused by the encyrtid Bothriothorax clavicornis (Dalman) (Hymenoptera). Entomologist’s Gazette 36: 51–53.
• Rotheray GE, Martinat P. 1984. Searching behaviour in relation to starvation of Syrphus ribesii. Ent Exp Applic. 36: 17–21.
• Rotheray GE. 1983. Feeding behaviour of Syrphus ribesii and Melanostoma scalare on Aphis fabae. Ent Exp Applic. 34: 148–154.
• Roy P, Basu SK. 1977. Bionomics of aphidophagous syrphid flies. Ind J Ento 39: 165–174.
• Ruzicka Z. 1975. The effects of various aphids as larval prey on the development of Metasyrphus corollae (Dipt., Syrphidae). Entomophaga, 20: 393–402.
• Ruzicka Z, Cairo VG. 1976. The effect of larval starvation on the development of Metasyrphus corollae (Diptera). Vestnik Ceskoslovenske Spolecnosti Zoolozicke 40: 206–213.
• Samsoe-Petersen L, Bigler F, Bogenschûtz, Brun J, Hassan SA, Helyer NL, Kûhner C, Mansour E, Naton E, Oomen PA, Overmeer WPJ, Polgar L, Rieckmann W, Stãubli A. 1989. Laboratory rearing techniques for 16 beneficial arthropd species and their prey/hosts. Zeits Pflanz Pflanz, 96: 289–316.
• Sanders W. 1979. Das Eiablageverhalten der Schwebfliege Syrphus corollae Fabr. in Abhangigkeit von der Grosse der Blattlauskolonie. Zeitschrift Ang Zool. 66: 217–232.
• Sanders W. 1980. Das Eiablageverhalten der Schwebfliege Syrphus corollae Fabr. in Abhangigkeit von der raumlichen Lage der Blattlauskolonie. Zeitschrift Ang Zool, 67: 35–46.
• Sanders W. 1981. Der Einfluss von weissen und schwarzen Flachen auf das Verhalten der Schwebfliege Syrphus corollae Fabr. Zeitschrift Ang Zool, 68: 307–314.
• Sanders W. 1983. Searching behavior of gravid Syrphus corollae (Diptera: Syphidae) depending on optical stimuli. Zeitschrift Ang Ent, 70: 235–247.
• Sarbyk S. (2008) Contributions to the Syrphidae fauna of Turkey (Diptera: Syrphidae). Entomol News 119(5): 501–508.
• Schneider F. 1969. Bionomics and physiology of aphidophagous Syrphidae. Ann Rev Ent, 14: 103–124.
• Scott SM, Barlow CA. 1984. Effect of prey availability during development on the reproductive output of Metasyrphus corollae (Diptera: Syrphidae). Env Ent 13: 669–674.
• Sharanabasappa, Kulkarni KA, Mallapur CP, Gundannavar KP, Kambrekar DN. 2007. Feeding potential of Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae) on green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae). J Biol Con. 21(Special): 177–178.
• Sharma KC, Bhalla OP, Chauhan U. 1994. Life-table and intrinsic rate of natural increase of Eupeodes frequens Matsumura: a predator of Brevicoryne brassicae (Aphididae: Homoptera) infesting cauli-flower. J Biol Cont. 8: 56–58.
• Sharma KC, Bhalla OP. 1988. Biology of six syrphid predators of cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis). Ind J Agri Sci. 58: 652–654.
• Sharma KC, Bhalla OP. 1991. Predatory potential of syrphid species on different aphids of cruciferous crops in the mid hill regions of Himachal Pradesh. Ind J Pl Prot. 19: 73–75.
• Sharma KC, Bhalla OP. 1992. Studies on the life of Metasyrphus corollae (Fab.) a predator of the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) on cauli-flower seed crop. Entomon 17: 49–53.
• Sharma KC, Bhalla OP. 1995. Life table on Eupeodes corollae (Fabricius) (Diptera: Syrphidae), a predator of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae (Linnaeus) (Homoptera: Aphididae). J Biol Cont. 9: 78– 81.
• Sheridan H, Finn JA, O’Donovan G. (2008). Diversity of Syrphidae (Diptera) on two Irish grassland farms. Tearmann 6: 69–82.
• Singh R, Mishra S. 1988. Development of a syrphid fly, Ischiodon scutellaris (Fabricius) on Rhopa-losiphum maidis (Fitch). J Aphid. 2: 28–34.
• Singh SP. 1995. Production of natural enemies of oilseeds pests. In: Technology for Production of Natural Enemies. Tech. Bull. No. 4. pp. 86–94. Project Directorate of Biological Control, Post box No. 2491, H.A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 024.
• Smith JG. 1969. Some effects of crop background on populations of aphids and their natural enemies on brussels sprouts. Ann App Biol. 63: 326–329.
• Smith JG. 1976. Influence of crop background on natural enemies of aphids on Brussels sprouts. Ann App Biol. 83: 15–29.
• Smith RK. 1981. Studies on the ecology of cereal aphids and prospects for integrated control. Ph.D. Thesis, Imperial College, London.
• Sood A, Kapoor KS, Verma JS, Sharma KC, Sood M. 2007. Feeding potential different species of syrphid larva on Aphis fabae Scopoli infesting Solanum nigrum in midhills of Himachal Pradesh. J Biol Cont. 21 (Special): 51–53.
• Sorokina VS. 2009. Hover flies of the genus Paragus Latr. (Diptera, Syrphidae) of Russia and adjacent countries. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 88(2): 466–487.
• Stahls G, Vujic A, Perez Banon C, Radenkovic S, Rojo S, Petanidou T. 2009. COI barcodes for identification of Merodon hoverflies (Diptera, Syrphidae) of Lesvos Island, Greece. Mol Ecol Res. 9(6): 1431–1438.
• Stelleman P, Meeuse ADJ. 1976. Anthecological relations between reputedly anemophilous flowers and syrphid flies. I. The possible role of syrphid flies as pollinators of Plantago. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 119: 15–31.
• Stork-Weyhermuller S. 1984. Untersuchungen uber die Wirkung niedriger Dosierungen selek- tiver Insektizide auf Getreideblattlause und deren natiirliche Feinde. Mitteilungen aus der Biologischen Bundesanstalt fur Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin-Dahlem 1984, No. 223, 278 pp.
• Stubbs AE, Falk SJ. 1983. British Hover flies; an Illustrated Identification Guide. British Entomological and Natural History Society, London, 253 pp.
• Suja G. 2008. Biology and feeding potential of the syrphid predator Ischiodon scutellaris (Fab.) on Aphis craccivora Koch. in cowpea. Current Biotica 2(2): 230–233.
• Svensson BG, Janzon LA. 1984. Why does the hoverfly, Metasyrphus corollae migrate? Ecol Ent. 9: 329–335.
• Tamaki G. 1973. Spring populations of the green peach aphid on peach trees and the role of natural enemies in their control. Env Ent. 2: 186–191.
• Tamaki G. 1974. Life system analysis of the autumn population of Myzus persicae on peach trees. Env Ento. 3: 221–226.
• Tamaki G, McGuire JU, Turner JE. 1974. Predator power and efficacy: a model to evaluate their impact. Env Ent. 3: 625–630.
• Tawfik MFS, Azab AK, Awadallah KT. 1974. Studies on the life histories and description of the immature forms of the Egyptian aphidophagous syrphids: Syrphus corollae Fabr. (Diptera: Syrphidae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d’Egypte 58: 1–16.
• Thompsom FC, Ghorpadé KD. 1992. A new coffee aphid predator, with notes on other Oriental species of Paragus (Diptera: Syrphidae). Colemania 5: 1–24.
• Van der Goot VS, Grabandt, RAJ. 1970. Some species of the genera Melanostoma, Platycheirus and Pyrophaena (Diptera, Syrphidae) and their relation to flower. Entomologische Berichten 30: 135–143.
• Van Rensburg NJ. 1978. The effect of foliar sprays with broad spectrum organophosphates on the coccinellid and syrphid predators of grain-sorghum aphids. J Ent Soc Southern Africa 41: 305–309.
• Verma AK, Makhmoor HD. 1987. Relative abundance of syrphid predators of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) in cauliflower seed crop ecosystem. J Bio Cont. 1: 98– 103.
• Verma AK, Makhmoor HD. 1989. Development of life tables for Metasyrphus confrater (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Syrphidae), a predator of the cabbage aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) in cauliflower crop ecosystem. Entomon 14: 227–232.
• Verma JS, Sharma KC. 2006. Biology and predatory potential of Metasyrphus confrater (Wiedemann) on aphid, Macrosiphum rosae L. infesting Rosa spp. J Ent Res. 30(1): 31–32.
• Vickerman GP, Sunderland KD. 1975. Arthropods in cereal crops: nocturnal activity, vertical distribution and aphid predation. J App Ecol. 12: 755–766.
• Vickerman GP, Sunderland KD. 1977. Some effects of dimethoate on arthropods in winter wheat. J App Ecol. 14: 767–777.
• Vockeroth JR. 1969. A revision of the genera of the Syrphini (Diptera: Syrphidae). Memoirs Ent Soc Canada 62: 5–176.
• Way MJ, Banks CJ. 1968. Population studies on the active stages of the black bean aphid, Aphis fabae Scop., on its winter host Euonymus europeus L. Ann App Biol. 62: 177–197.
• Way MJ, Murdie G, Galley DJ. 1969. Experiments on integration of chemical and biological control of aphids on brussels sprouts. Ann App Biol. 63: 459– 475.
• Wnuk A, Fuchs R. 1977. Observations on the effectiveness of the limitation of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) by Syrphidae. Polski Pismo Entomo-ligizne, 47: 147–156.
• Wnuk A. 1977. The natural enemy Episyrphus balteatus (Deg.) (Diptera, Syrphidae) limiting Aphis pomi Deg. (Hom. Aphididae). Polski Pismo Entomologizne 47: 455–460.

• Protocols for the Commercial Production of Orius tantillus (Motschulsky) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)

Abstract Views :264  |  PDF Views:107

Authors

Tripti Gupta ¹, Chandish R. Ballal ¹

Affiliations
1 National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Post Bag No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 23, No 4 (2009), Pagination: 385-391

Abstract

Protocols for the mass rearing of the anthocorid predator, Orius tantillus (Motschulsky), were standardised by utilising UV-irradiated Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) eggs as prey. By maintaining 150 ovipositional containers with 50 O. tantillus adults in each, and by providing S. cerealella eggs as feeding and pieces of bean pods as ovipositional substrates, 86,250 nymphs could be produced per month. By taking into account the fixed and variable costs, the cost of 100 seven-day-old O. tantillus nymphs was worked out to be Rs. 34.30. The protocols developed can be adopted for commercial production.

Keywords

Orius tantillus, Sitotroga cerealella, Commercial Production, Cost of Production, Mass Rearing.

Full Text

   

References

• Ananthakrishnan, T. N. and Kumar, S. N. 1985. Anthocorids(Anthocoridae: Heteroptera) as efficient biocontrolagents of thrips (Thysanoptera: Insecta). CurrentScience, 54: 987-990.
• Ballal, C. R., Singh, S. P., Poorani, J. and Tripti Gupta,2003a. Feasibility of mass multiplication andutilization of Cardiastethus exiguus Poppius,a potential anthocorid predator of Opisinaarenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae),pp. 29-33. In: Tandon, P. L., Ballal, C. R. andJalali, S. K. (Eds.), Biological Control ofLepidopteran pests. Proceedings of the Symposiumon Biological Control of Lepidopteran Pests,Society for Biocontrol Advancement, July 17-18,2002, Bangalore, 354 pp.
• Ballal, C. R., Singh, S. P., Poorani, J. and Tripti Gupta2003b. Biology and rearing requirements of ananthocorid predator, Blaptostethus pallescensPoppius (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). Journal ofBiological Control, 17: 29-33.
• ChinLing, W. 1999. Orius strigicollis and Orius tantillusas predators of thrips in Taiwan, pp. 163-166. In: Vierbergen, G. and Tunc~cedilla I. (Eds.),Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposiumon Thysanoptera. Akdeniz University, Antalya,Turkey.
• Carvalho, L. M., Bueno, V. H. P. and Mendes, S. M. 2005. Response of two Orius species to temperature. Bulletin OILB/SROP, 28: 43-46.
• Gupta, T. and Ballal, C. R. 2006. Biology and feedingpotential of an anthocorid predator, Oriustantillus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) on Sitotrogacerealella. Indian Journal of Plant Protection,34: 168-172.
• Hafeez, Z., Malik, M. F. and Khan, M. H. 2002. Efficacy ofcultural, biological and chemical control practicesagainst Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera:Thripidae) infesting water melon. PakistanEntomologist, 24: 129-131.
• Hejzlar, P. and Kabicek, J. 1998. The influence of diets onthe postembryonal development and reproductionof the predatory bug Orius majusculus (Reuter)(Heteroptera, Anthocoridae). Gesunde Pflanzen,50: 273-277.
• Ito, K. 2007. A simple mass-rearing method for predaceousOrius bugs in the laboratory. Applied Entomologyand Zoology, 42: 573-577.
• Kakimoto, K., Inoue, H., Yamaguchi, T., Fukamachi, S.,Shima, K., Taguchi, Y., Saiki, Y. and Ohno, K. 2007. Simultaneous release of Orius strigicollis(Poppius) eggs and adults to improve itsestablishment in greenhouses. Japanese Journalof Applied Entomology and Zoology, 51: 29-37.
• Muraleedharan, N. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. 1978. Bioecology of four species of Anthocoridae(Hemiptera: Insecta) predaceous on thrips, with keyto genera of anthocorids from India. Occasionalpaper, Records of the Zoological Survey of India,11: 1-32.
• Mendes, S. M., Bueno, V. H. P., Carvalho, L. M. and Reis,R. P. 2005. Production cost of Orius insidiosus asbiological control agent. Pesquisa AgropecuariaBrasileira, 40: 441-446.
• Niemczyk, E. 1980. Orius minutus (L.) (Heteroptera:Anthocoridae): the occurrence in apple orchards,biology and effect of different food on thedevelopment. Polskie Pismo Enotomologiczne,48: 203-209.
• Reis, P. R., Silva, E. A. da and Zacarias, M. S. 2005. Biological control of mites on protected crops. Informe Agropecuario, 26: 58-68.
• Saini, E. D., Cervantes, V. and Alvarado, L. 2003. Effectof diet, temperature and crowding on fecundity,fertility and longevity of Orius insidiosus (Say)(Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). RIA Revista deInvestigaciones Agropecuarias, 32: 21-32.
• Schmidt, J. 1994. Pirate bugs plunder greenhousepests. Agricultural Food Research in Ontario,17: 12-15.
• Sigsgaard, L. and Esbjerg, P. 1997. Cage experiments onOrius tantillus predation of Helicoverpa armigera. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 82: 311-318.
• Shojai, M., Ostovan, H., Zamanizadeh, H., Labbaji, Y.,Nasrollahi, A., Ghasemzaheh, M., and Rajabi,M. Z. 2003. The management of cucumberand tomato intercrops and implementation ofnon-chemical control of pests and diseases fororganic crop production in greenhouse. Journal ofAgricultural Sciences, Islamic Azad University,9: 1-39.
• Tommasini, M. G. 2003. Evaluation of Orius species forbiological control of Frankliniella occidentalisPergande, Thysanoptera: Thripidae. Thesissubmitted to the Wageningen University, TheNetherlands, vii+ 214 pp.
• XueNong Xu, Borgemeister, C. and Poehling, H. M. 2006. Interactions in the biological control of westernflower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)and two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticaeKoch by the predatory bug Orius insidiosus Sayon beans. Biological Control, 36: 57-64.
• Yano, E. 2003. Augmentation of natural enemies for the pestcontrol in protected culture. Pesticide Outlook,14: 247-250.

• Molecular Characterisation of some Indian Anthocorid Predators

Abstract Views :225  |  PDF Views:133

Authors

T. L. Dheemanth ¹, K. Srinivasa Murthy ¹, Chandish R. Ballal ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P B.No. 2491, H.A. Farm Post, Bellary road, Bengaluru – 560024, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 29, No 1 (2015), Pagination: 8-13

Abstract

Anthocorid predators widely used as biocontrol agents were characterised for genetic diversity and phylogeny. Cardiastethus exiguus Poppius, Xylocoris flavipes Reuter and Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius were characterised using Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) marker to elucidate the diversity and phylogeny. The sequencing of the COI region at 650bp was compared with sequence of Orius majusculus (Reuter), available at NCBI by BLASTn. The cluster analysis based on dendogram revealed B. pallescens and O. majusculus to be more closely related, while X. flavipes and C. exiguus were distinct. The usefulness of characterisation and phylogenetic relationship among the anthocorid populations for their effective utilisation in pest management is discussed.

Keywords

Anthocorids, COI, PCR, Phylogeny, Predators.

Full Text

   

• Influence of Seasons and Inoculum Dosages on the Production Efficiency of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton

Abstract Views :204  |  PDF Views:185

Authors

Y. Lalitha ¹, Chandish R. Ballal ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Insect Ecology, National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects, Post Box No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore, Karnataka, India Pin – 560024, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 29, No 1 (2015), Pagination: 25-30

Abstract

Corcyra cephalonica is a laboratory host used for multiplication of parasitoids, predators and entomopathogens. The present study is aimed to understand the effect of seasons and inoculum dosages of Corcyra eggs on the production efficiency. Egg production ranged from 3.1 to 5.8 cc per box during the different seasons and minimum production being recorded during dry months. The dosages tested were 0.5, 0.25 and 0.125 cc of Corcyra eggs / rearing box. Maximum per cent moth emergence (83.5%), shorter developmental duration (40.4 days) and higher fecundity (467 no.) of emerged moths were recorded in the boxes with 0.125 cc (2000 eggs) inoculum. Validation of experiments indicated that compared to the boxes with 0.5 cc inoculum, a 2.15, 1.44, 1.35 and 1.49 times increase in average production per box from 0.125cc infested boxes more during monsoon, post monsoon, dry and summer months, respectively. The data generated can be utilized for improving the protocol for mass rearing of Corcyra cephalonica.

Keywords

Corcyra cephalonica, Mass Production, Rearing Boxes.

Full Text

   

• Feasibility of Continuous Rearing of a Potential Ichneumonid Parasitoid Campoletis chlorideae Uchida

Abstract Views :259  |  PDF Views:120

Authors

Chandish R. Ballal ¹, Sunil Joshi ², T. V. Bhaskaran ², L. Lakshmi ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR - National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore 560 024, IN
2 Division of Food Processing, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Technology Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, CIFT Junction, Willingdon Island Matsyapuri P.O., Cochin-682 029, Kerala, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 29, No 2 (2015), Pagination: 75-84

Abstract

The rearing of ichneumonid parasitoids is a great challenge mainly due to the preponderance of male progeny in the continuously lab reared cultures. The issues faced in the continuous rearing of an indigenous ichneumonid parasitoid Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) were recorded and attempts were made to tackle these challenges by manipulating the rearing processes. Some of the problems could be considerably alleviated by rearing the parasitoids in larger cages measuring 0.52 × 0.52 × 0.76 m (with 5 to 8 parasitoid pairs per cage) and by placing these cages in walk-in chambers set at 26±2°C and 70±2% RH. It is a general observation that the culture deteriorates after some generations in the laboratory, but the need was felt to verify the biological parameters which are affected most due to continuous laboratory rearing. The reproductive rate and intrinsic rate of increase were significantly higher in the field collected parasitoids compared to the continuously lab reared ones indicating that bio-deterioration occurs due to continuous rearing. The study also indicated that it would be ideal to bring in wild culture after five generations in the laboratory and rejuvenation is essential after nine generations. Based on the information generated through basic studies, we aim to provide a simple protocol (including cage design) which can be adopted by insectaries or researchers interested in initiating and maintaining the culture of C. chlorideae. Measurable biological parameters are also suggested, which can be used to monitor the quality and scale of production.

Keywords

Campoletis chlorideae, Spodoptera Litura, Rearing Protocol.

Full Text

   

• Biology and Rearing Requirements of an Anthocorid Predator, Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae)

Abstract Views :268  |  PDF Views:120

Authors

Chandish R. Ballal ¹, S. P. Singh ¹, J. Poorani ¹, Tripti Gupta ¹

Affiliations
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control (ICAR) P.B. No. 2491, H.A. Farm Post, Bellary Road Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 17, No 1 (2003), Pagination: 29-33

Abstract

Biology and feeding potential of an anthocorid predator, Blaptostethus pallescens Pop pius were studied on the eggs of alternate host, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton). Approximately 100 UV irradiated C. cephalonica eggs are required for rearing one nymph throughout its nymphal period of about 16 days (4-11 eggs per day) and 630 eggs for an adult throughout its longevity (3-19 eggs per day). Adult females had a greater feeding potential (943 eggs per adult) in comparison to males (381 eggs per adult). Utilising 9cc of C. cephalonica eggs, 1000 B. pallescens could be produced. The lab-reared adults had a very high longevity (38- 78 days) and fecundity (110-203 nymphs/female), indicating the suitability of C. cephalonica eggs for mass production.

Keywords

Biology, Blaptostethus pallescens, Corcyra cephalonica, Feeding Potential, Rearing.

Full Text

   

• Fertility Table of an Exotic Parasitoid, Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera:Scelionidae) on Spodoptera litura (Fabricius)

Abstract Views :217  |  PDF Views:116

Authors

Chandish R. Ballal ¹, S. Ramani ¹

Affiliations
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, P. B. No. 2491, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 13, No 1&2 (1999), Pagination: 25-31

Abstract

Fecundity studies on Telenomus remus, an exotic parasitoid of Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) indicated that in individual rearing, net reproductive rate was higher (120.53) and the population increased with an infinitesimal rate of 0.399 and a finite rate of 1.491. In group rearing, the corresponding figures were lower, being 65.03, 0.348 and 1.416, respectively. There was a preponderance of females in the individual rearing method, while a balanced sex ratio was obtained in group rearing.

Keywords

Fertility Table, Rearing, Spodoptera litura, Telenomus remus.

Full Text

   

• Effect of Low Holding Temperatures on Mummies of Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard (Hymenoptera:Encyrtidae)

Abstract Views :183  |  PDF Views:121

Authors

Chandish R. Ballal ¹, Pradyumn Kumar ²

Affiliations
1 Project Directorate of Biological Control, Post Bag No.2491, H.A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bangalore-560024, IN
2 National Centre for Integrated Pest Management (lCAR), Lal Bahadur Shastri Bhavan, Block F, IARI Campus, Pusa, New Delhi -110012, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 9, No 2 (1995), Pagination: 94-98

Abstract

Storage studies Were conducted on the mummies of Copidosoma koehleri Blanchard, an encyrtid polyembryonic parasitoid of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella. The effect of storing C. koehleri mummies at 10°C and 15°C for periods ranging from 10 to 50 days was studied in the laboratory. Pre-emergence period was considerably delayed in the case of mummies stored at 10°C. The number of adults emerging per mummy was higher when stored at 15°C, but at this storage temperature, beyond 30 days, emergence occurred in storage. Considering the different storage temperature - period combinations, storage at 10°C for 10 days was most suitable as in this treatment, high per cent survival, maximum number of adults per mummy, and maximum fecundity were obtained. Hence, storage of C. koehleri mummies for 10 days at 10°C is suggested.

Keywords

Copidosoma kochleri, Mummies, Phthorimaca operculella, Storage.

Full Text

   

• Host-Parasitoid Interaction Between Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) and Allorhogas pyralophagus Marsh

Abstract Views :201  |  PDF Views:123

Authors

Chandish R. Ballal ¹, Pradyumn Kumar ²

Affiliations
1 Biological Control Centre (NCIPM), Post Bag-2491, H.A. Farm P.Q., Bellary Road, Bangalore - 560 024, IN
2 National Centre for Integrated Pest Management, 646, Sector 21-A, Badkhal Road, Faridabad, 121 001, Haryana, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 7, No 2 (1993), Pagination: 72-74

Abstract

The effect of different parasitoid-host ratios on the mass multiplication of a gregarious ectoparasitoid, Allorhogas pyralophagus Marsh was investigated. One parasitoid : one host was found to be the optimum ratio for multiplying the parasitoid on Chilo partellus (Swinhoe) as it resulted in the production of maximum number of cocoons and healthy adults, besides providing a high per cent parasitism.

Keywords

Chilo partellus, Allorhogas pyralophagus, Host - Parasitoid Ratio.

Full Text

   

• Potential Natural Enemies of the Invasive Rugose Spiraling Whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin in India

Abstract Views :279  |  PDF Views:151

Authors

K. Selvaraj ¹, R. Sundararaj ², T. Venkatesan ¹, Chandish R. Ballal ¹, S. K. Jalali ¹, Ankita Gupta ¹, H. K. Mrudula ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Hebbal, Bengaluru - 560024, Karnataka, IN
2 Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Malleswaram, Bengaluru - 560003, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 30, No 4 (2016), Pagination: 236-239

Abstract

A invasive rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW) Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) was found infesting coconut, banana, custard apple and several ornamental plants in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala for the first time in India. The identity of the pest species was determined through morphological and molecular tools. Furthermore cytochrome c oxidase-I gene (658 bp) of RSW was sequenced (GenBank accession number KY209909) which would serve as an ideal molecular diagnostic marker for its identification irrespective of its phenotypic plasticity. During the survey, several natural enemies were recorded and maximum parasitism was recorded by Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) and its COI gene was sequenced and deposited as Encarsia sp. (GenBank accession number KY223606). Per cent parasitism ranged from 20.0 to 60.0 % in different collection locations, highest parasitism being recorded in Kerala as compared to other states. The predators recorded were Mallada sp., few coccinellids and predatory mites. This communication is the first report of the rugose spiraling whitefly, its host plant range and associated natural enemies in India.

Keywords

Aleurodicus Rugioperculatus, Host-Plants and Natural Enemies, Invasive Pest, Spiraling Whitefly.

Full Text

   

References

• Evans GA. 2008. The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of the world and their host plants and natural enemies. Available from: http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/ whitefly/ PDF_PwP% 20ETC/world-whitefly- catalog-Evans.pdf
• Dickey AM, Stocks IC, Smith T, Osborne L, McKenzie CL. 2015. DNA barcode development for three recent exotic whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) invaders in Florida. Florida Entomol. 98(2): 473–478.
• Francis AW, Stocks IC, Smith TR, Boughton AJ, Mannion CM, Osborne LS. 2016. Host plants and natural enemies of rugose spiraling whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Florida. Florida Entomol. 99(1): 150–153.
• Hayat M. 2011. Additions to the Indian Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) – III: The genus Encarsia Förster. Oriental Insects 45: 202–274.
• Hebert PDN, Penton EH, Burns JM, Janzen DH, Hallwachs W. 2004. Ten species in one: DNA barcoding reveals cryptic species in the neotropical skipper butterfly Astraptes fulgerator, PNAS. 101(41): 14812–14817.
• Kumar V, McKenzie CL, Mannion C, Stocks I, Smith T, Osborne LS. 2013. Rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). EENY578. University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/ creatures/orn /Aleurodicus_rugioperculatus.htm
• Martin JH. 2004. The whiteflies of Belize (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Part 1 - Introduction and account of the subfamily Aleurodicinae Quaintance and Baker. Zootaxa. 681: 1–119.
• Sundararaj R, Selvaraj K. Invasion of rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): A potential threat to coconut in India. Phytoparasitica (In Press).
• Stocks I. 2012. Rugose spiraling whitefly host plants. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS), Division of Plant Industry (DPI). Available from: http://monroe.ifas.ufl.edu/ pdf/Hort/ RSW_Host_ Plants_May _2012.pdf
• Stocks IC, Hodges G. 2012. The rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin, a new exotic whitefly in south Florida (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry. Available from: http://freshfromflorida.s3. amazonaws.com/ aleurodicusrugioperculatus-pest-alert.pdf
• Taravati S, Mannion C, Glenn H, Osborne L. 2013. Natural enemies of rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the south Florida landscape. ENY- 870. University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Available from: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN100400. pdf
• Viggiani G. 1987. New species of Encarsia Förster (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae), parasitoids of whiteflies. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria ‘Filippo Silvestri’. Portici. 44: 35–37.

• Studies on Evaluation of Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera:Miridae) Preying on Invasive Insect Pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera:Gelechiidae) and its Damage to Tomato Plant

Abstract Views :311  |  PDF Views:147

Authors

Richa Varshney ¹, Chandish R. Ballal ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Insect Ecology, ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P.B. No. 2491, H.A Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal , Bangalore - 560024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 31, No 2 (2017), Pagination: 69-73

Abstract

Recently, in India severe incidence by the invasive insect pest, the South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) was reported for the first time infesting tomato crop in Pune, Maharashtra. Later infestation was reported in the other states of India. In T. absoluta infested tomato field, zoophytophagous mirid, Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) was observed to be associated with tomato pinworm. A net house experiment was conducted to evaluate N. tenuis on T. absoluta infested tomato plants. The aim was to ascertain, if releases of N. tenuis could reduce T. absoluta infestation or due to its phytophagous nature it could lead to damage of tomato plants. The treatments comprised of a) release of N. tenuis on T. absoluta infested plants, b) releases of N. tenuis on uninfested plants and c) T. absoluta infested plants were maintained as control. Results indicated that in treatment with N. tenuis, number of T. absoluta eggs and the % mined area were lesser by 83.25% and 89%, respectively. Overall number of necrotic rings per plant during all 10 weeks caused by N. tenuis was significantly lesser in T. absoluta infested plants treated with N. tenuis (0.74±0.18) compared to treatment with N. tenuis alone (2.16±0.35). Flower abortion was also not observed at this density (total release of 6 adults/plant). When mean number of T. absoluta eggs were high in 3rd week (9.54 eggs/plant) number of necrotic rings were negligible though average number of N. tenuis was 4.1/plant during the same week. During 5th week when number of N. tenuis was on peak (11.2/plant), the average numbers of T. absoluta eggs and necrotic rings were 3.61eggs/plant and 0.46/ plant, respectively. It shows that number of necrotic rings per plant increased with decreasing T. absoluta population. Further studies are needed to investigate the precise role of N. tenuis as a natural mortality factor of T. absoluta in field situations and its damage potential after a long interaction with plant in pest scarcity and when it occurs at high density.

Keywords

Nesidiocoris tenuis, Necrotic Rings, Tomato, Tuta absoluta, Zoophytophagous.

Full Text

   

References

• Ahirwar RM, Banerjee S, Gupta MP. 2009. Seasonal incidence of Insect pests of Sesame in relation to Abiotic factors. Ann Plant Prot Sci. 17: 351–356.
• Arno J, Sorribas R, Prat M, Matas M, Pozo C, Rodriguez D, Garreta A, Gomez A, Gabarra R. 2009. Tuta absoluta, a new pest in IPM tomatoes in the northeast of Spain. IOBC/ WPRS Bull. 49: 203–208.
• Arno J, Castane C, Riudavets J, Gabarra R. 2010. Risk of damage to tomato crops by the generalist zoophytophagous predator Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Hemiptera: Miridae). Bull Entomol Res. 100: 105–115. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007485309006841 PMid:19366476
• Arno J, Castane C, Riudavets J, Roig J, Gabarra R. 2006. Characterization of damage to tomato plants produced by the zoophytophagous predator Nesidiocoris tenuis. IOBC/WPRS Bull. 29: 249–254.
• Arzone A, Alma A, Tavella L. 1990. Role of Mirids (Rhynchota : Heteroptera) in the control of Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westw. (Rhynchota : Aleyrodidae). Boll Zool Agrar Bachic. 22: 43–51.
• Ballal CR, Gupta A, Mohan M, Lalitha Y, Verghese A. 2016. The new invasive pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in India and its natural enemies along with evaluation of Trichogrammatids for its biological control. Curr Sci. 110: 2155–2159. https://doi.org/10.18520/cs/v110/i11/2155-2159
• Calvo FJ, Bolckmans K, Belda JE. 2012. Release rate for a pre-plant application of Nesidiocoris tenuis for Bemisia tabaci control in tomato. BioControl 57: 809– 817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-012-9455-1
• Calvo J, Urbaneja A. 2003. Nesidiocoris tenuis (Het.: Miridae) en tomate: Amigo o Enemigo? Almeria en Verde. 4: 21–23.
• Calvo J, Bolckmans K, Stansly PA, Urbaneja A. 2009. Predation by Nesidiocoris tenuis on Bemisia tabaci and injury to tomato. BioControl 54: 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-008-9164-y
• Carnero A, Diaz S, Amador S, Hernandez M, Hernandez E. 2000. Impact of Nesidiocoris tenuis (Heteroptera, Miridae) on whitefly populations in protected tomato crops. Bulletin IOBC/wprs 23: 259.
• Castane C, Arno J, Gabarra R, Alomar O. 2011. Plant damage to vegetable crops by zoophytophagous mirid predators. Biol Control. 59: 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2011.03.007
• Desneux N, Luna MG, Guillemaud T, Urbaneja A. 2011. J Pest Sci. 84: 403–408. Doi: The invasive South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, continues to spread in Afro-Eurasia and beyond: the new threat to tomato world production. J. Pest. Sci. 84: 403408. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-011-0398-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-011-0398-6
• Desneux, N., Wajnberg, E., Wyckhuys, K.A.G.,, Burgio, G., Arpaia, S., Narváez-Vasquez, C.A., GonzálezCabrera, J., Ruescas, D.C., Tabone, E., Frandon, J., Pizzol,, J., Poncet, C., Cabello, T. and Urbaneja, A. (2010). Biological invasion of European tomato crops by Tuta absoluta: ecology, geographic expansion and prospects for biological control. J Pest Sci. 83: 197215. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-010-0321-6
• El-Dessouki SA, El-kiff AH, Helal HA. 1976. Life cycle, host plants and symptoms of damage of the tomato bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis Reut. (Hemiptera: Miridae), in Egypt. Z Pflanzenkr Pflanzenschutz. 83: 204–220.
• Marcos TF, Rejesus RS. 1992. Population dynamics of Helicoverpa spp. in tobacco growing areas of Locos Norte and La Uninos. Philipp Entomol. 8: 1227-1246.
• Miranda MMM, Picanco M, Zanuncio JC, Guedes RNC. 1998. Ecological life table of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Biocontrol Sci Technol. 8: 597–606. https://doi.org/10.1080/09583159830117
• Patel NG. 1980. The bionomics and control measures of tobacco bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Miridae: Hemiptera). GAU Res J. 5: 60.
• Sanchez JA, Del Pino-Perez M, Davo MM, MartinezCascales JI, Lacasa A. 2006. Zoophytophagy of the plantbug Nesidiocoris tenuis in tomato crops in southeast Spain. IOBC/WPRS Bull. 29: 243–248.
• Sanchez JA. 2008. Zoophytophagy in the plantbug Nesidiocoris tenuis. Agric for Entomol. 10: 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2007.00357.x
• Sridhar V, Jayashankar M, Vinesh LS. 2012a. Zoophytophagous mirid bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Heteroptera: Miridae) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) - Pest or Beneficial. In: Proceedings of IVth Symposium on Plant Protection in Horticultural crops, Bengaluru, 25- 28 Apr, p. 28.
• Sridhar V, Jayashankar M, Vinesh LS. 2012b. Population dynamics of zoophytophagous mirid bug, Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) (Heteroptera: Miridae) and its prey, Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill). Pest Manag Hort Ecosyst. 18: 35–38.
• Sridhar V, Chakravarthy AK, Asokan R, Vinesh LS, Rebijith KB, Vennila KS. 2014. New record of the invasive South American tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in India. Pest Manag Hort Ecosyst. 20: 148–154.
• Solsoloy AD, Domingo EO, Bilgera BU, Solsoloy TS, Begawan HS, Barluado ZD. 1994. Occurrence, mortality factors and within-plant distribution of bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hubn.) on cotton. Philipp J Sci. 123: 9–20.
• Urbaneja A, Tapia G, Stansly PA. 2005. Influence of host plant and prey availability on the developmental time and survival of Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Het.: Miridae). Biocontrol Sci Technol. 15: 513–518. https:// doi.org/10.1080/09583150500088777
• Urbaneja A, Monton H, Molla O. 2009. Suitability of the tomato borer Tuta absoluta as prey for Macrolophus pygmaeus and Nesidiocoris tenuis. J Appl Entomol. 133: 292–296 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.14390418.2008.01319.x
• Urbaneja A, Tapia G, Stansly P. 2005. Influence of host plant and prey availability on developmental time and survivorship of Nesidiocoris tenuis (Het.: Miridae). Biocontrol Sci Technol. 15: 513–518.
• https://doi. org/10.1080/09583150500088777
• Urbaneja A, Tapia G, Fernandez E, Sanchez E, Contreras J, Bielza, P, Stansly PA. 2003. Influence of the prey on the biology of Nesidiocoris tenuis (Hem.; Miridae). IOBC/ WPRS Bull. 26: 159.

• First Record of Invasive Rugose Spiraling Whitefly Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae) along with Parasitoids in Karnataka

Abstract Views :393  |  PDF Views:160

Authors

K. Selvaraj ¹, Ankita Gupta ¹, T. Venkatesan ¹, S. K. Jalali ¹, R. Sundararaj ², Chandish R. Ballal ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Hebbal, Bengaluru - 560024, Karnataka, IN
2 Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Malleswaram, Bengaluru - 560003, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 31, No 2 (2017), Pagination: 74-78

Abstract

Occurrence of the invasive rugose spiraling whitefly (RSW), Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin was found on coconut, banana, mango, guava, sapota, Indian almond, water apple, ball tree, rubber fig, butterfly palm, and ruffled fan palm for the first time in Karnataka. Severe damage was noticed in the coastal areas of Mangalore and Udupi and the infestation ranged from 20-35% in coconut and 24-38% in banana. Morphology and molecular based taxonomic tools were used to identity the pest and its natural enemies. Survey also revealed natural parasitism by the parasitoids Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani and E. dispersa Polaszek (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) with 5-15% in coconut, 7-18% in banana and 22-30% in sapota. Besides, other commonly found natural enemies viz., Stethorus sp. associated with mites and Dichochrysa astur were also recorded. Furthermore, augmentation and conservation strategies for these parasitoids for the management of this invasive pest were discussed.

Keywords

Aleurodicus rugioperculatus, Host-Plants, Invasive Pest, Natural Enemies, Rugose Spiraling Whitefly.

Full Text

   

References

• Dickey AM, Stocks IC, Smith T, Osborne L, McKenzie CL. 2015. DNA barcode development for three recent exotic whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) invaders in Florida. Florida Entomol. 98(2): 473–478. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0213
• Dubey AK, David BV. 2012. Collection, preservation and preparation of specimens for taxonomic study of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). pp-01-19. In: David B.V. (Ed.). The whiteflies or mealywing bugs. LAP Lambert Academic Publisher, Germany.
• Evans GA. 2008. The whiteflies (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) of the world and their host plants and natural enemies, Available from: http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/ whitefly/ PDF_PwP% 20ETC/ world-whitefly- catalogEvans. pdf (Accessed 6 March, 2017).
• Francis AW, Stocks IC, Smith TR, Boughton AJ, Mannion CM, Osborne LS. 2016. Host plants and natural enemies of rugose spiraling whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Florida. Florida Entomol. 99(1): 150–153. https://doi.org/10.1653/024.099.0134
• Kumar V, McKenzie CL, Mannion C, Stocks I, Smith T, Osborne LS. 2013. Rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae). EENY578. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, Available from: http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures /orn/ Aleurodicus rugioperculatus.htm (Accessed 5 March 2017).
• Mandal FB. 2011. The management of alien species in India. Int J Biodivers Conser. 3(9): 467–473
• Martin JH. 1987. An identification guide to common whitefly pest species of the world (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J Trop Pest Manag. 33(4): 298–322. https://doi.org/10.1080/09670878709371174
• Martin JH. 2004. The whiteflies of Belize (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Part 1 - introduction and account of the subfamily Aleurodicinae Quaintance & Baker. Zootaxa 681: 1–119.
• Ramani S, Poorani J, Bhumannavar BS. 2002. Spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus dispersus Russell (Homoptera: Aleurodidae) in India. Biocontrol News and Information 23(2): 55–62.
• Selvaraj K, Sundararaj R, Venkatesan T, Chandish R. Ballal, Jalali SK, Ankita Gupta, Mrudula HK. 2016. Potential natural enemies of the invasive rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin in India. J Biol Control 30(4): 236-239.
• Stocks I. 2012. Rugose spiraling whitefly host plants. Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services (FDACS), Division of Plant Industry (DPI), Available from: http://monroe.ifas.ufl. edu/ /Hort/ RSW _Host_ Plants_May _2012. pdf (Accessed 5 March 2017).
• Stocks IC, Hodges G. 2012. The rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin, a new exotic whitefly in south Florida (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
• Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus, pest-alert.pdf (Accessed 7 March, 2017).
• Sundararaj R, Selvaraj K. 2017. Invasion of rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae): a potential threat to coconut in India. Phytoparasitica 45: 71-74, DOI:10.1007/ s12600-017-0567-0. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600017-0567-0
• Taravati S, Mannion C, Glenn H, Osborne L. 2013. Natural enemies of rugose spiraling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus Martin (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in the south Florida landscape. ENY-870. University of Florida, IFAS Extension, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN100400.pdf. IN/IN100400.pdf (Accessed 4 March, 2017).

• Temperature Based Differences in Biological Parameters of Some Potential Species/Strains of Trichogramma

Abstract Views :264  |  PDF Views:145

Authors

Enakshi Ghosh ¹, Chandish R. Ballal ², Abraham Verghese ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Biotechnology, Center for Post Graduate Studies, Jain University, Jayanagar, 9 Bengaluru – 560011, Karnataka, IN
2 ICAR- National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P. Bag No. 2491, H.A Farm post, Bellary Road, Bangalore – 24, IN
3 GPS Institute of Agricultural Management, Bengaluru - 560058, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 31, No 2 (2017), Pagination: 82-89

Abstract

The effect of temperature on different Trichogramma spp. is an aspect to be understood for planning mass production strategies and further field releases. The key biological parameters of seven different spp./strains of trichogrammatids (viz. Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead, T. cordubensis Vargas and Carbello, T. achaeae Nagaraja and Nagarkatti, four strains of T. chilonis Ishii i.e. lab strain, Nilgiris strain, Kodaikanal strain and a strain acclimatized to constant 15°C) were investigated at five constant temperatures (16, 21, 26, 31 and 36±1°C with 60-70% RH and L: D-12:12). The different test temperatures had a significant impact on the biological parameters of the different species/strains. Based on longevity, parasitism and fecundity attributes, the best temperature to propagate these trichogrammatids was found to be 26°C. Considering the higher parasitism rates and the ability to parasitize and remain fecund at varied temperatures, T. chilonis Nilgiris strain proved to be the best. From the linear model of regression analysis, the upper temperature thresholds ranged from 35 to 46.37°C and the lower temperature thresholds were recorded to range between 9 and 12°C, with T. cordubensis appearing to be least temperature sensitive.

Keywords

Biology, Effect of Temperature, Trichogramma.

Full Text

   

References

• Arnold CY. 1959. The development and significance of the base temperature in a linear heat unit system. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci. 74: 430–445.
• Briere FJ, Pracos P, Roux AL, Pierre JS. 1999. A novel rate model of temperature-dependent development for arthropods. Environ Entomol. 28(1): 22–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/28.1.22
• Chailleux A, Biondi A, Han P, Tabone E, Desneux N. 2013. Suitability of the host-plant system Tuta absoluta-tomato for Trichogramma parasitoids and insights for biological control. J Econ Entomol. 106: 2310–2321. https://doi.org/10.1603/EC13092 PMid:24498728
• Corrigan JE , Laing JE. 1994. Effects of the rearing host species and the host species attacked on performance by Trichogramma minutum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Biol Control 23: 755–760. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/23.3.755
• El Arnaouty SA, Pizzol J, Galal HH, Kortam MN, Afifi AI, Beyssat V, Desneux N, Biondi A, HeikalI. 2014. Assessment of two Trichogramma species for the control of Tuta absoluta in North African tomato greenhouses. Afr Entomol. 22: 801–809. https://doi.org/10.4001/003.022.0410
• Foerster RM, Foerster AL. 2009. Effect of temperature on the immature development and emergence of five species of Trichogramma. Biocontrol 54: 445–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-008-9195-4
• Garcia P, Oliveira L, Tavares J. Comparative biology of three Trichogramma spp. populations captured in Azores. 1995b. Bol Mus Munic Funchal 4: 311–318.
• Garcia P. 1995. Trichogramma cordubensis Vargas & Cabello (Hym.,Trichogrammatidae) nailha de S. Miguel (Açores): Aspectos de Sistematica e Ecologia. Dissertation, Universidade dos Açores, Acores. p. 1–114.
• Harrison WW, King EG, Ouzts JD. 1985. Development of Trichogramma exiguum and Trichogramma pretiosum at five temperature regimes. Environ Entomol. 14: 118–121. https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/14.2.118
• Lalitha Y, Ballal CR. 2015. Influence of seasons and inoculum dosages on the production efficiency of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton. J Biol Control 29(1): 25–30. https://doi.org/10.18641/jbc/29/1/75792
• Lingappa S, Hegde S. 2001. Exploitation of bio-control potential in the management of insect pests of pulse crops. Biocontrol potential and its exploitation in sustainable agriculture. 2: 321–344.
• Mani M, Krishnamoorthy A, Gopalkrishnan C, Rabindra R. 2001. Augmentative biocontrol within vegetable IPM- Indian scenario. In: Singh SP, Murphy ST, Ballal CR Editors. Augmentative Biocontrol. CABI Bioscience, UK and Project directorate of biological control (ICAR), Bangalore, India. p. 119–140.
• Morris RF, WC Fulton. 1970. Models for the development and survival of Hyphantriacuneain relation to temperature and humidity. Mem Entomol Soc Can. 70: 1–60. https://doi.org/10.4039/entm10270fv
• Nagarkatti S, Nagaraja H. 1977. Biosystematics of Trichogramma and Trichogrammatoidea species. Annu Rev of Entomol. 22:157–76. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.22.010177.001105
• Pak GA, Oatman ER. 1982. Comparative life table, behavior and competition studies of Trichogramma brevicapillum and T. pretiosum. Ent Exp and Appl. 31: 68–79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.1982.tb03183.x
• Pavlik J. 1992. The effect of temperature on parasitization activity in Trichogramma spp. (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae). Zool Jb Physiol. 96: 417–425.
• Pizzol J, Pintureau B, Khonaldia O, Densneux N. 2010. Temperature dependent differences in biological traits between two strains of Trichogramma cacoeciae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). J Pest Sci. 83: 447–452. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-010-0327-0
• Prasad RP, Roitberg BD, Henderson DE. 2002. The effect of rearing temperature on parasitism by Trichogramma sibericum Sorokina at ambient temperatures. Biol Control 25: 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00050-6
• Pratissoli D, Parra JRP. 2000. Fertility life table of Trichogramma pretiosum (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) in eggs of Tuta absoluta and Phthorimaea operculella (Lep., Gelechiidae) at different temperatures. J Appl Entomol. 124: 339–342. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0418.2000.00477.x
• Pratissoli D. Bioecologia de Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879, nastracasscrobipalodes absoluta (Mayrick, 1917) e phtrorimaeaoperculella (Zeller, 1879), emtomateirotese de dontorado,Escola superior de agricultura "Luizequeiroz", piravcicaba-sp, 1995.
• Ratte HT. 1985. Temperature and insect development. In: Hoffmann KH (ed) Environmental physiology and biochemistry of insects. Springer, Berlin. p. 33–66.
• Reznik SYA, Vaghina NP. 2006. Temperature effects on induction of parasitization by females of Trichogramma principium (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae). Entomol Rev. 86: 133–138. https://doi.org/10.1134/S0013873806020023
• Russo J, Voegele J. 1982. Influence de la temperature surquatreespeces de Trichogrammes (Hym. Trichogrammatidae) parasite de la pyrale du maıs, Ostrinia nubilalis Hubn. (Lep. Pyralidae). II Reproduction etsurvie Agronomie. 2: 517–524. https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:19820602 https://doi.org/10.1051/agro:19820603
• Singh SP, Murphy ST, Ballal CR. Augmentative biocontrol in India,(eds. Singh et al), In proceedings of the ICAR-CABI workshop, June 29-July 1, 2000; 2001. p. 1–20.
• Urra F, Apablaza J. 2005. Threshold temperature and thermal constant for the development of Copitarsiadecolora (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). CienInvAgr. 3216–23.
• Zago BH, Pratissoli D, Barras R, Gondin JR. 2006. Biologiaeexigenciastermicas de Trichogramma pratissolii Querino & Zucchi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) emhespedeiros alternatives. Neotrop Entomol. 35: 377–381. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1519-566X2006000300013 PMid:18575699
• Zehnder G, Gurr MG, Kuhne S, Wade RM, Wratten DS, Wyss E. 2007. Arthropod pest management in organic crops. Annu Rev of Entomol. 52: 57–80. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091337 PMid:16846384

• Effect of Constant Temperature Regimes on the Biological Parameters of an Anthocorid Predator Orius tantillus (Motsch)

Abstract Views :249  |  PDF Views:127

Authors

Chandish R. Ballal ¹, Tripti Gupta ², Sunil Joshi ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, H. A. Farm P. O., Bellary Road, Bangalore - 560 024, Karnataka, IN
2 Pest Control (India) Pvt. Ltd., Bio-Control Research Laboratory 36/2, Sriramanahalli, Arakere Post, Bangalore - 561203, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 31, No 3 (2017), Pagination: 146-158

Abstract

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of different temperature regimes (16, 20, 24, 28, 32 and 36±1^°C) on the biological and fertility table parameters of Orius tantillus (Motsch.), an efficient indigenous predator of various thrips species in India Temperature influenced the development and reproduction of O. tantillus. Based on the biological parameters, viz. longevity, fecundity and fertility parameters, 24^°C was recorded to be the optimum temperature for rearing O. tantillus. The temperature of 16^°C had a detrimental effect on nymphal survival, while 36^°C on fecundity. Thus, 16 and 36^°C were recorded as unsuitable for rearing O. tantillus. The lower threshold temperatures for development of eggs and nymphs of O. tantillus were 8.66 and 6.92^°C, respectively, indicating that the eggs are more heat-sensitive than the nymphs. Based on the T₀ values, O. tantillus appears to be less heat sensitive in comparison to other Orius spp. The information generated through this study could be used for further improving the standardized production protocol for O. tantillus and also for planning and timing field releases to target thrips species.

Keywords

Biological Parameters, Effect of Temperature, Fertility Parameters, Orius tantillus, Rearing, Sitotroga cerealella, Thermal Requirement.

Full Text

   

References

• Alauzet C, Dargagnon D, Malausa JC. 1994. Bionomics of a polyphagous predator: Orius laevigatus (Het.: Anthocoridae). Entomophaga 39(1): 33–40. Crossref.
• Ananthakrishnan TN, Thangavelu K. 1976. The cereal thrips, Haplothrips ganglbaueri Schmutz with particular reference to the trends of infestation on Oryza sativa and the weed Echinochloa crusgalli. Proc Indian Acad Sci B. 83(5): 196–201.
• Andrewartha HG, Birch LC. 1954. The Distribution and Abundance of Animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 782 pp.
• Arnold CY. 1959. The determination and significance of the base temperature in a linear heat unit system. Proc Am Soc Hort Sci. 74: 430–445.
• Ballal CR, Gupta T. 2011. Anthocorids as potential predators. pp. 92 – 111. In: Bhardwaj SC, Singh S, Bhatnagar A (Eds.) Plant Protection through Ecofriendly Techniques. Pointer Publishers, Jaipur 272 pp.
• Ballal CR, Gupta T, Joshi S. 2012. Effect of different laboratory hosts on the fertility table parameters and continuous rearing of an anthocorid predator Orius tantillus (Motsch.). Pest Manage Hort Ecosys. 18(1): 24–28.
• Baniameri V, Soleimannejadian E, Mohaghegh J. 2005a. Effect of temperature on development of immature stages of predatory bug Orius niger Wolff. Appl Entomol Phytopathol. 72(2): 47–57.
• Baniameri V, Soleimannejadian E, Mohaghegh J. 2005b. Life table and age-dependent reproduction of the predatory bug Orius niger Wolff (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) at three constant temperatures: a demographic analysis. Appl Entomol Zool. 40(4): 545–550. Crossref.
• Bernal J, Gonzalez D. 1993. Experimental assessment of a degree day model for predicting the development of parasites in the field. J Appl Entomol. 116: 459–466. Crossref.
• Birch LC. 1948. The intrinsic rate of natural increase of an insect population. J Anim Ecol. 17: 15–26. Crossref.
• Bonte J, Madelena de Ro, Conlong D, De Clercq P. 2012. Thermal biology of the predatory bugs O. thripoborus and O. naivashae (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Physiol Ecol. 41(4): 989–996.
• Carvalho LM, Bueno VHP, Mendes SM. 2005. Response of two Orius species to temperature. Bull. OILB/SROP. 28(1): 43–46.
• Cocuzza GE, De Clercq P, Lizzo S, Van de Veire M, Tirry L, Degheele D, Vacante V. 1997. Life table and predation activity of Orius laevigatus and Orius albidipennis at three constant temperatures. Entomol Exp Appl. 85: 189–198. Crossref.
• Damos PT, Savopoulou-Soultani M. 2008. Temperature-dependent bionomics and modeling of Anarsia lineatella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in the laboratory. J Econ Entomol. 101: 1557–1567 Crossref. PMid:18950037
• Gupta T, Ballal CR. 2006. Biology and feeding potential of an anthocorid predator, Orius tantillus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) on Sitotroga cerealella Indian J Plant Prot. 34(2): 168–172.
• Gupta T, Ballal CR. 2009. Protocols for commercial production of Orius tantillus (Motschulsky) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). J Biol Control 23(4): 385–391.
• Hernandez LM. 1999. A review of the economically important species of the genus Orius (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) in East Africa. J Nat Hist. 33: 543–568. Crossref.
• Kakimoto K, Urano S, Noda T, Matuo K, Sakamaki Y, Tsuda K, Kusigemati K. 2005. Comparison of the reproductive potential of three Orius species, O. strigicollis, O. sauteri, and O. minutus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), using eggs of the Mediterranean flour moth as a food source. Appl Entomol Zool. 40(2): 247–255. Crossref.
• Kawamoto K, Sasaki M, Nakaima H, Onuma M, Uchida N. 1999. Development and reproductive ability of Orius tantillus (Motschulsky) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) reared on egg of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner). Res Bull Plant Prot Serv, Japan 35: 87–91.
• Kim JH, Kim YH, Han MW, Lee GS, Lee JO. 1999. Effect of temperature on the development and oviposition of minute pirate bug, Orius strigicollis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Korean J Appl Entomol. 38(1): 29–33.
• Kumar NS, Ananthakrishnan TN. 1984. Predator thrips interactions with reference to Orius maxidentex Ghauri and Carayonocoris indicus Muraleedharan (Anthocoridae: Heteroptera). Proc Indian Natl Sci Acad B. 50(2): 139–145.
• Madadi H, Kharazi PA, Ashouri A, Neishabouri JM. 2006. Life history parameters of Thrips tabaci (Thys: Thripidae) on cucumber, sweet pepper and egg plant under laboratory conditions. J Entomol Soc Iran 25(2): 45–62.
• McCaffrey JP, Horsburgh RL. 1986. Biology of Orius insidiosus (Heteroptera: Anthocoridse): a predator in Virginia apple orchards. Environ Entomol. 15(4): 984–988. Crossref.
• Men UB. 1999. Orius maxidentex Ghauri as predator on sunflower thrips. Insect Environ. 5(1): 22–23.
• Mendes SM, Bueno VHP, Carvalho LM. 2005. Development and thermal requirements of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Rev Bras Entomol. 49(4): 575–579. Crossref.
• Morris RF, Fulton WC. 1970. Models for the development and survival of Hyphantria cunea in relation to temperature and humidity. Mem Entomol Soc Canada 70: 1–60.Crossref.
• Murai T. 2000. Effect of temperature on development and reproduction of the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on pollen and honey solution. Appl Entomol Zool. 35(4): 499–504.Crossref.
• Muraleedharan N, Ananthakrishnan TN. 1978. Bioecology of four species of Anthocoridae (Hemiptera: Insecta) predaceous on thrips, with key to genera of anthocorid from India. Ocassional paper, Rec Zool Surv India 11: 1–32.
• Nagai K, Hirose Y, Takagi M, Nakashima Y, Hiramatsu T. 1998. Selection of alternate prey for rearing Orius tantillus (Motschulsky). Jpn J Appl Entomol Zool. 42(2): 85–87. Crossref.
• Nagai K, Yano E. 1999. Effect of temperature on the development and reproduction of Orius sauteri (Poppius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae), a predator of Thrips palmi Karny (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Appl Entomol Zool. 34(2): 223–229. Crossref.
• Nakashima Y, Hirose Y. 1997. Temperature effects on development of Orius tantillus (Het.: Anthocoridae), a predator of Thrips palmi (Thys.: Thripidae). Entomophaga 42(3): 337–342. Crossref.
• Ohta I. 2001. Effect of temperature on development of Orius strigicollis (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) fed on Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Appl Entomol Zool. 36(4): 483–488. Crossref.
• Sanchez JA, Lacasa A. 2002. Modelling population dynamics of Orius laevigatus and Orius albidipennis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) to optimize their use as biological control agents of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae). Bull Entomol Res 92(1): 77–88. PMid:12020365
• Shibao M. 1996. Effects of temperature on development of the chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on grape. Appl Entomol Zool 31(1): 81–86.Crossref.
• Soglia MCM, Bueno VHP, Carvalho LM. 2007. Effect of alternative prey on development and consumption of Orius insidiosus (Say) (Hemiptera, Anthocoridae) and oviposition behavior on chrysanthemum cultivars. Rev Bras Entomol. 51(4): 512–517.Crossref.
• Song JH, Kang SH, Kang AS, Lee KS, Han WT. 2001. Determination of optimum conditions for mass rearing of minute pirate bug Orius strigicollis. Korean J Appl Entomol. 40(2): 111–115.
• Sreekanth M, Sriramulu M, Rao RDVJP, Babu BS, Babu TR. 2006. Effect of different temperatures on the developmental biology of Thrips palmi, the vector of peanut bud necrosis on greengram. Indian J Plant Prot. 34(1): 136–137.
• Thontadarya TS, Rao KJ. 1987. Biology of Orius maxidentex Ghauri (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), a predator of the sorghum earhead midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coquillet). Mysore J Agric Sci. 21(1): 27–31.
• Tommasini MG, van Lenteren JC, Burgio G. 2004. Biological traits and predation capacity of four Orius species on two prey species. Bull Insectology 57(2): 79–93.
• Van Rijn PCJ, Mollema C, Steenhius BGM. 1995. Comparative life history studies of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on cucumber. Bull Entomol Res. 85(2): 285–297. Crossref.
• Yeargan KV. 1983. Effects of temperature on developmental rate of Trissolcus euschiti (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a parasite of stink bug eggs. Ann Entomol Soc Am. 76: 757–760. Crossref.
• Zhang SC, Zhu F, Zheng XL, Lei CL, Zhou XM. 2012. Survival and developmental characteristics of the predatory bug Orius similis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) fed on Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: tetranychidae) at three constant temperatures. Eur J Entomol. 109: 503–508. Crossref.
• Zhou XM, Zhu F, Li H, Lei CL. 2006. Effect of temperature on development of Orius similis Zheng (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and on its predation activity against Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Pan-Pac Entomol. 82(1): 97–102

• Optimized Binning Technique in Decision Tree Model for Predicting The Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) Incidence on Cotton

Abstract Views :245  |  PDF Views:114

Authors

M. Pratheepa ¹, J. Cruz Antony ², Chandish R. Ballal ¹, H. Bheemanna ³

Affiliations
1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, Bengaluru – 560024, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Computer Science, Jain University, Bengaluru – 560011, Karnataka, IN
3 University of Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Research Station, Raichur - 584102, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 32, No 1 (2018), Pagination: 31-36

Abstract

The data mining technique decision tree induction model is a popular method used for prediction and classification problems. The most suitable model in pest forewarning systems is decision tree analysis since pest surveillance data contains biotic, abiotic and environmental variables and IF-THEN rules can be easily framed. The abiotic factors like maximum and minimum temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, etc. are continuous numerical data and are important in climate-change studies. The decision tree model is implemented after pre-processing the data which are suitable for analysis. Data discretization is a pre-processing technique which is used to transform the continuous numerical data into categorical data resulting in interval as nominal values. The most commonly used binning methods are equal-width partitioning and equal-depth partitioning. The total number of bins created for the variable is important because either large number of bins or small number of bins affects the accuracy in results of IF-THEN rules. Hence, optimized binning technique based on Mean Integrated Squared Error (MISE) method is proposed for forming accurate IF-THEN rules in predicting the pest Helicoverpa armigera incidence on cotton crop based on decision tree analysis.

Keywords

Bin Optimization, Decision Tree, Discretization, Helicoverpa armigera, If-Then Rules, Pest Prediction.

Full Text

   

References

• Dhaliwal GS, Arora R. 1996. Integrated pest management: Achievements and Challenges, pp. 308–355. In: Dhaliwal GS, Arora R. (Eds). Principles of Insect Pest Management, NATIC, India.
• George HJ, Ron K, Karl P. 1994. Irrelevant features and the subset selection problem. In: William W Cohen and Haym Hirsh (Eds.) Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference. 121-129, Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, San Francisco, CA.
• Gupta GK. 2006. Classification. In: Introduction to Data Mining with Case Studies, Prentice-Hall of India, 106– 136. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044451636-7/50013-9
• Leonardo T, Miriam EP. 2002. The distribution and movement of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae on cotton. Philippine J Sci, 131: 91–98.
• Pratheepa M, Meena K, Subramaniam KR, Venugopalan R, Bheemanna H. 2011. A decision tree analysis for predicting the occurrence of the pest, Helicoverpa armigera and its natural enemies on cotton based on economic threshold level. Curr Sci. 100(2): 238–246.
• Shimazaki H, Shinomoto S. 2007. A method of selecting the binsize of a Time Histogram. Neural Comput.19(6): 1503–1527.
• SPSS V 17.0. 2008. Statistical Package for Social Sciences. SPSS Inc. Illinois, Chicago,USA.
• Sotiris K, Dimitris K. 2006. Discretization techniques: A recent survey. GESTS International Trans Comput. Sci Engineering. 32(1): 47–58.
• Zhao H, Ram S. 2004. Constrained cascade generalization of decision trees. IEEE Trans Knowledge Data Engineering. 16(6): 727–739. Available from: https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1437601 https://doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2004.3

• Studies on New Invasive Pest Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its Natural Enemies

Abstract Views :575  |  PDF Views:376

Authors

A. N. Shylesha ¹, S. K. Jalali ¹, Ankita Gupta ¹, Richa Varshney ¹, T. Venkatesan ¹, Pradeeksha Shetty ¹, Rakshit Ojha ¹, Prabhu C. Ganiger ², Omprakash Navik ¹, K. Subaharan ¹, N. Bakthavatsalam ¹, Chandish R. Ballal ¹, A. Raghavendra ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bengaluru - 560024, Karnataka, IN
2 All India Coordinated Research Project on Small Millets, Univeristy of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru - 560065, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 32, No 3 (2018), Pagination: 145-151

Abstract

Occurrence of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), commonly known as fall armyworm, in southern India is reported along with associated natural enemies. Severe damage was noticed in Chikkaballapur, Hassan, Shivamogga, Davanagere and Chitradurga during July-August 2018. The incidence ranged from 9.0 to 62.5 percent at various locations, maximum incidence was recorded in Hassan district followed by Chikkaballapur, Davanagere, Shivamogga and Chitradurga. Morphology and molecular based taxonomic tools were used for the identification of this pest. The GenBank accession number MH704433 of Chikkaballapur population was released on 1^st August, 2018 and Barcode obtained from BOLD System-ID: AGIMP054-18. The survey also revealed natural parasitism by egg parasitoids viz., Telenomus sp. (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) and Trichogramma sp. (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), gregarious larval parasitoid, Glyptapanteles creatonoti (Viereck) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) solitary larval parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae Uchida (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), and a solitary indeterminate larval-pupal (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae) parasitoid. Spodoptera frugiperda is the first host record for G. creatonoti across the globe. Glyptapanteles creatonoti, being a well established parasitoid of various noctuids in India and Malaysia, was capable of parasitizing S. frugiperda. Besides these, other commonly found bioagents viz., Forficula sp. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae) and entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea rileyi (Farl.) Samson was also collected in large numbers. We report the natural enemy complex of S. frugiperda for the first time from India. The electro physiological response of Indian population of S. frugiperda male adults to pheromone was established. The studies to manage this pest by any/all means are in progress.

Keywords

Karnataka, Maize, New Pest.

Full Text

   

References

• Benson DA, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Lipman DJ, Ostell J, Wheeler DL. 2005. Nucleic Acids Res. 33(Database issue): D34−8. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gki063 PMid:15608212 PMCid:PMC540017
• Folmer O, Black M, Hoeh W, Lutz R, Vrijenhoek R. 1994. DNA primers for amplification of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I from diverse metazoan invertebrates. Mol Mar Biol Biotechnol. 3: 294−299.
• PMid:7881515
• Ganiger PC, Yeshwanth HM, Muralimohan K, Vinay N, Kumar ARV, Chandrashekara K. 2018. First report on the occurrence of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a New Pest in Karnataka, India. UAS, GKVK, Bengaluru.
• Goergen G, Kumar PL, Sankung SB, Togola A, TamòM. 2016. First report of outbreaks of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae), a new alien invasive Pest in West and Central Africa. PLoS ONE 11(10): e0165632. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165632. https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165632
• Hebert PDN, Cywinska A, Ball SL, deWaard JR. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes.
• Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 270: 313−321. https:// doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218 PMid:12614582 PMCid:PMC1691236
• ICAR-NBAIR. 2018. Pest alert: Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Insecta: Lepidoptera). (published on 30/07/2018).
• IITA. 2018. Fall armyworm has reached the Indian subcontinent! Available from: http://www.iita.org/news-item/ fall-armyworm-has-reached-the-indian-subcontinent/ (published on 04/08/2018).
• Sharanabasappa, Swamy KCM. 2018. Presence of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), an Invasive Pest on Maize in University jurisdiction. University of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India. Available from: https://drive.google.com/file/ d/1hEW58nhZViHPnRduCjRHVIfWhGASHLSH/viewwww.uahs.in (published on 20/07/2018).
• Steinmann H. 1993. Dermaptera. Eudermaptera II. Das Tierreich. 108: 1−711.
• Wilkinson DS. 1928. A revision of the Indo-Australian species of the genus Apanteles (Hym. Bracon.).
• Part II. Bull Entomol Res. 19: 109–146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300020393

• Biology and rearing protocol for Dortus primarius Distant, a predatory mirid (Hemiptera: Miridae)

Abstract Views :274  |  PDF Views:131

Authors

Richa Varshney ¹, H. M. Yeshwanth ², Chandish R. Ballal ¹

Affiliations
1 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, P.B. No. 2491, HA Farm Post, Bellary Road, Hebbal, Bangalore - 560024, Karnataka, IN
2 Department of Entomology, GKVK, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore – 560065, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 32, No 4 (2018), Pagination: 224-229

Abstract

Dortus primarius Distant (Miridae: Deraeocorinae) was observed to feed on thrips and other soft bodied insects in the field. Biology, morphology and feeding potential of this species were studied for the first time in the laboratory (at 26 ± 2˚C and 65 ± 2% RH) on UV irradiated Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) eggs. A total of five instars were observed, with nymphal duration of 17.2 days. Mean fecundity was 127.6 eggs per female. Female longevity was higher than male. One nymph could consume a total of 363 C. cephalonica eggs in its life span. Adult male and female fed on a total of 713 and 1014.75 eggs, respectively. Cost of producing 100 D. primarius nymphs and adult nymphs neonate/first instar was INR 10.34/- and INR 200/-, respectively. In this paper all immature stages, eggs and adults are described with live images. Results showed that this species could be reared on UV irradiated C. cephalonica eggs and bean pieces successfully. Further studies are needed to evaluate this species against insect pests in field.

Keywords

Biology, Dortus Primarius, Feeding Potential, Mirid Bug, Rearing Protocol.

Full Text

   

References

• Distant WL. 1910. Descriptions of Oriental Capsidae. Ann Mag Nat Hist 8(5): 10-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222931008692721
• Jones WA, Snodgrass GL. 1998. Development and fecundity of Deraeocoris nebulosus (Heteroptera: Miridae) on Bemisia argentifolii (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Fla. Entomol. 81(3): 345-350. https://doi.org/10.2307/3495924
• Kapadia MN, Puri SN. 1991. Biology and comparative predation efficacy of three heteropteran species recorded as predators of Bemisia tabaci in Maharashtra. Entomophaga. 36: 555-559. https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF02374438
• Kim DS, Riedl H. 2005. Effect of temperature on development and fecundity of the predaceous plant bug Deraeocoris brevis reared on Ephestia kuehniella eggs. Biocontrol 50: 881-897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10526-005-5380-x
• Lin CS, Yang CT. 2005. External male genitalia of the Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Nat Mus Natur Sci Spec Publ. 9: 1-174.
• McMullen RD, Jong C. 1967. New records and discussion of predators of the pear psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster, in British Columbia. J Entomol Soc British Columbia. 64: 35–40.
• Schaefer CW, Panizzi AR. (eds.). 2000. Heteroptera of Economic Importance. Boca Raton: CRC Press. 828 pp. ISBN 0-8493-0695-7. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420041859
• Schuh RT. 2002-2013. Online Systematic Catalog of Plant Bugs (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae). The American Museum of Natural History. Available at: http://research.amnh.org/pbi/catalog/
• Susman I. 1988. The cotton insects of Israel and aspects of the biology of Deraeocoris pallens Reuter (Heteroptera, Miridae), predators of the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci in Israel. M.S. Thesis, Tel Aviv University, 154 pp. (In Hebrew with English summary).
• Westigard PH, Gentner LG, Berry DW. 1968. Present status of biological control of the pear psylla in southern Oregon. J Econ Entomol. 61: 740–743. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/61.3.740
• Wheeler AG. 2001. Biology of the Plant Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae): Pests, Predators, Opportunists. New York: Cornell University Press.

• Morphology and performance specifications of Blaptosthethus pallescens Poppius (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) when reared on two alternate laboratory hosts

Abstract Views :281  |  PDF Views:126

Authors

Tripti Gupta ¹, Chandish R. Ballal ², Shashikala S. Kadam ³

Affiliations
1 Pest Control (India) Pvt. Ltd., Bio-Control Research Laboratories (BCRL), Arakere Post, Bengaluru - 562163, Karnataka, IN
2 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru - 560024, Karnataka, India, IN
3 ICAR-National Bureau of Agricultural Insect Resources, H. A. Farm Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru - 560024, Karnataka, IN

Source

Journal of Biological Control, Vol 32, No 4 (2018), Pagination: 239-245

Abstract

The present research paper provides detailed morphology and morphometrics of an anthocorid predator, Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius. To identify the alternate laboratory host to be utilized for mass production, biological parameters of the anthocorid were evaluated by rearing on UV irradiated eggs of two alternate laboratory hosts, Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) and Sitotroga cerealella (Motsch.). Five nymphal instars were recorded on both hosts. No significant differences were observed in incubation period, nymphal duration, total developmental period and sex ratio when reared on the two hosts. However, significant differences were observed in two biological parameters i.e., adult longevity and fecundity. Longer life span and higher fecundity of B. pallescens was recorded when reared on C. cephalonica eggs in comparison to S. cerealella eggs, indicating the suitability of C. cephalonica eggs for mass rearing B. pallescens in the laboratory. B. pallescens could be reared continuously for 7 generations on C. cephalonica eggs.

Keywords

Blaptostethus Pallescens, Biological Parameters, Corcyra Cephalonica, Fecundity, Generations, Incubation, Morphology, Morphometrics, Sitotroga Cerealella.

Full Text

   

References

• Ballal CR, Joshi S, Rao NS. 2001. Bio-deterioration of laboratory cultures of Campoletis chlorideae Uchida. pp. 257. In: Verghese A, Reddy RP (Eds.) IPM in Horticultural crops: Emerging trends in the New Millennium. Proceeding of the Second National Symposium on Integrated pest Management (IPM) in Horticultural Crops New molecules, Bio-pesticides and Environment. Bangalore, 257 pp. PMCid:PMC95474
• Ballal CR, Singh SP, Poorani J, Tripti Gupta. 2003a. Feasibility of mass multiplication and utilization of Cardiastethus exiguus Poppius, a potential anthocorid predator of Opisina arenosella Walker (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae). pp. 29-33. In: Tandon PL, Ballal CR., Jalali S. K. (Eds.). Biological Control of Lepidopteran pests, 354 pp. PMid:15025331
• Ballal CR,Singh SP, Poorani J, GuptaT. 2003b. Biology and rearing requirements of an anthocorid predator, Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae). J Biol Control 17: 29-33.
• Ballal CR, GuptaT, Sunil Joshi, Chandrashekhar K. 2009. Evaluation of an anthocorid predator, Blaptostethus pallescens against two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. Bull IOBC/WPRS 49: 127-132.
• Ballal CR, GuptaT, JoshiS. 2012. Morphometry and biology of a new anthocorid Montandoniola indica, a potential predator of Gynaikothrips uzeli. Bull IOBC/WPRS 80: 79-84 pp.
• Ballal CR, Yamada K.2016. Antocorid predator. In: pp. 329-366. Omkar (Ed.). Ecofriendly pest management for food security Elsevier, London 727pp.
• BollerE. 1972. Behavioural aspects of mass-rearing of insects. Entomophaga 17(1): 9-25. https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF02371070
• Kodakkadan Srikumar, Smitha S. Suresh kumar B, Radakrishnan B.2017. Biology and feeding efficacy of the anthocorid, Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius on Oligonychus coffeae in tea. J Biol Control 31(4): 198200. https://doi.org/10.18311/jbc/2017/18157 Gupta T, Ballal CR. 2006. Biology and Feeding Potential of an Anthocorid Predator, Orius tantillus (Motsch.) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) on Sitotroga cerealella. Ind J Plant Protect. 34(2): 168-172.
• Gupta T. 2009. Studies on production and utility of anthocorid predators- with special reference to Orius spp. and Blaptostethus spp. Ph.D thesis submitted to Mysore University, 207.
• Gupta T, Ballal CR. 2011. Preferential feeding potential of an anthocorid predator Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius on different stages of cotton mealybug. J Environ Entomol. 33(4): 423-428.
• Jalali SK, Singh SP. 2002. Seasonal activity of stem borers and their natural enemies on fodder maize. Entomon 27(2): 137-146.
• Kaur R, Singh VJ. 2011. Blaptostethus pallescens Poppius and Xylocoris flavipes (Reuter) in the suppression of Corcyra cephalonica Stainton in stored rice grain. J Biol Control 25(4): 329-332.
• Lessando M. Gontijo, Daiane Celestino, Obiratanea S. Queiroz,Raul Narciso C. Guedes, Marcelo C. Picanço. 2015. Impacts of azadirachtin and chlorantraniliprole on the developmental stages of pirate bug predators (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) of the tomato pinworm Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Florida Entomologist 98(1). https://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0111
• Muraleedharan N, Ananthakrishnan TN. 1978. Bioecology of four species of Anthocoridae (Hemiptera: Insecta) predaceous on thrips, with key to genera of anthocorid from India. Ocassional paper. Records Zool Surv India 11: 1-32.
• Penn SL, Ridgway RL, Scriven GT, Inscoe MN. 1998. Quality assurance by the commercial producers of arthopod natural enemies. pp. 202-230. In: Ridgway RL, Hoffmann MP, Inscoe MN, Glenistar CS (Eds.). In: Mass reared natural enemies: Application, Regulation and Needs. Entomological Society of America, Baltimore, PDBC- ICAR.1999. Annual Report of the Project Directorate of Biological Control, Bangalore, 1998-99, 217 pp.
• Sobhy I, Hamid AMA, Sarhan AA, Shoukry AA, Mandour NS, Reitz SR. 2014. Life history traits of Blaptostethus pallescens (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), a candidate for use in augmentative biological control in Egypt. Appl Entomol Zool. 49: 315-324. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s13355-014-0252-4
• Tawfik MFS, El-Husseini MM. 1971. The life history of the anthocorid predator Blaptostethus piceus Fieber var.
• pallescens Poppius (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d’Egypte 55: 239-252.