https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/issue/feed Indian Journal of Chemical Technology 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 editor editor@informaticsglobal.com Open Journal Systems https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223778 Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Green Chemistry Approach and its Evaluation as Antifungal Agent 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 Neeraj Patanjali Randeep Kumar Indu Chopra Pooja Patanjali Ruchi Kaushik Surendra Kumar Sharma sharma_sk2006@rediffmail.com Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) have emerged as potential antifungal agents due to their exceptional properties. These nanoparticles can be synthesised in the laboratory by using green synthetic methods. Hence, in the present study dark brown colour Ag-NPs have been synthesized from 0.01 mM AgNO<sub>3</sub> using <em>Azadirachta indica</em> leaf extract as a reducing agent and characterised via different spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. The average particle sizes of the synthesized Ag-NPs are found to be 36 nm and all the particles are mostly spherical in shape. These biosynthesized Ag-NPs effectively have mitigated the mycelial growth of <em>F. oxysporum</em> and <em>F. moniliforme</em>. However, the inhibition has been found better for <em>F. oxysporum</em> as compared to <em>F. moniliforme</em>. At 500 ppm concentration of Ag-NPs, the reductions in mycelial growth have been found to be 100 and 80% for <em>F. oxysporum</em> and <em>F. moniliforme</em>, respectively. So, it can be concluded from the study that Ag-NPs prepared from <em>A. indica</em> leaf extracts could be explored for developing fungicidal formulations. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223809 Mixed Convection Flow over Non-Darcy Porous Stretching/Shrinking Sheet 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 Laltesh Kumar lalteshjam@gmail.com Atar Singh Kushal Sharma Vimal Kumar Joshi An investigation has been carried out on heat and mass transport phenomena for mixed-convection flow over a vertically non-Darcy Forchheimer porous stretching/shrinking sheet considering the Soret - Dufour effects. With consideration of the appropriate similarity framework, the fundamental governing flow equations are converted into a system of non-dimensional equations. The bvp4c, a built-in solver of MATLAB software, is utilized to compute the numerical results of the flow problem. The present model is validated with previously published literature. The impacts of several related flow parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles have been displayed graphically. Also, the mass and heat transfer rates along with the coefficients of skin friction are calculated and discussed numerically. It is found that an increment in the thermal radiation parameter increases the fluid temperature, and the concentration gradient boosts up for the enhancement of the Soret number. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223810 Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Lignosulphonate-g-Poly(Sodium Acrylate) Hydrogel 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 Manu Rajinder K. Gupta rkg67ap@yahoo.com Devendra Kumar Natural polymer-based hydrogels are of great interest to research community owing to their inherent characters of environment friendliness and biodegradability. Current work aims to synthesize lignosulfonate grafted sodium acrylate hydrogel (LS-g-SAH) and investigate its application in urea release behaviour. The hydrogel has been characterized by different techniques. The release kinetics has been analyzed by using a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The optimized composition of lignosulfonate, KPS, and N,N’-MBA has shown the highest water absorbency of 560 g g<sup>-1</sup> in distilled water. The equilibrium swollen LS-g-SAH 12 hydrogel has slowly released 60% of loaded urea in 24 h and followed first-order release kinetics. Soil treatment with hydrogel has shown a significant effect in reducing the water evaporation rate. It also improved the seed germination and average height of wheatgrass. The synthesized LS-g-SAH is, thus, expected to have potential application in modern sustainable agriculture. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223811 Effect of CuO Nano Additive with Novel Punnai Methyl Ester in a TBC CI Engine 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 A. Vadivel mech_vadivel@yahoo.co.in R. Vinoth The requirement for petroleum fuel has amplified due to the growth of automobile industries and population growth. To meet fossil fuel demand in the future, alternative fuel for diesel fuel is necessary. The technique for engine modification is also considered as the latest advance in engine research aimed to complete combustion. The engine has been coated with a mixture of a ceramic thermal barrier material of 88% Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ), 4% Magnesium oxide (MgO), and 8% Titanium oxide (TiO<sub>2</sub>) of 150 μm thickness by the plasma spray process. After engine modification, the coated engine has been analyzed with the mixing of Copper oxide (CuO) nanoadditive to the B20 Punnai Methyl Ester. The structural and chemical constituents of the biofuel are determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography. The test result noted that brake thermal efficiency is increased by 17.14% for the coated engine as compared to the uncoated engine. The brake specific fuel consumption for the tested fuel used in the coated engine is decreased by 11.16%. Engine emission parameters are reduced especially oxides of nitrogen (NO<sub>x</sub>) emission of 10.84% for the tested fuel in the coated engine. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223827 Study of Synergetic Effect of Green Chemicals on Dissolution of Tank Bottom Sludge 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 Jinal Patel jnpatel7898@gmail.com Zarana Patel Ashish Nagar The present paper discusses the study on dissolution dispersion efficiency of tank bottom sludge (TBS) in the presence of new series of green chemical additives i.e., Ionic Liquids (ILs). This work highlights the synthesis of series of six imidazolium based ILs ([BMIm]Br, [BMIm]BF<sub>4</sub>, [PMIm]Br, [PMIm]BF<sub>4</sub>, [HMIm]Br, and [HMIm]BF<sub>4</sub>) along with their influence on dissolution of the TBS. Dissolution–dispersion efficiency of the TBS is evaluated by calculating the residue and absorbance data of the standard solutions along with TBS solution in the presence of solvents independently followed by treatment with synthesized ILs by UV spectroscopy. Dissolution of TBS in heptane is found to be 40%, however it increases to 88% when employed along with 800 ppm of [BMIm]BF<sub>4</sub>. Similarly [PMIm]Br shows extreme dissolution efficiency at 800 ppm up to 80% and 82% in the presence of toluene and heptane, respectively. ILs work by softening the TBS which is accumulated at the bottom of the tank. It also helps in diminishing the use of toxic organic solvents. Interaction of IL product with the suitable solvent can directly influence the dissolution efficiency of TBS. ILs have the potential to replace toxic organic solvents used in oil and gas industry. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223828 An Investigation of Characteristics of a Diesel Engine with Low Heat Rejection Fuelled by Spirulina Algae Biodiesel 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 J. Arunprasad S. Karthikeyan skarthikeya74@gmail.com Arif Senol SENER This study investigates the impact of magnesium oxide nanoparticles on the performance, combustion, and emissions characteristics of spirulina algae methyl ester biodiesel in a low heat rejection (LHR) engine. The cylinder head and piston of the engine are coated with a 200-micron layer of lanthanum aluminate. The results indicate promising outcomes with biodiesel in the LHR engine, showing improved thermal efficiency and reduced specific fuel consumption compared to conventional diesel engines. Tests have been conducted on B20, B20+25 ppm of MgO, and B20+50 ppm of MgO biodiesel blends with coated and untreated components. The coated piston with B20+50 ppm of MgO (LHR) demonstrate a 1.73% increase in brake thermal efficiency and a 7.2% decrease in specific fuel consumption compared to an untreated piston. Furthermore, the B20+50 ppm of MgO (LHR) in B20 experience a 5.9% reduction in-cylinder pressure and a 6.9% decrease in heat release rate. Additionally, the coated engine exhibit lower CO, HC, and smoke emissions from the biodiesel blends than the conventional engine. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223829 Exploration of Antimicrobial and Antifungal Compounds in <i>Clonostachys rosea</i> Using Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 Gowrisri Nagaraj Kannan Rengasamy kannanar2004@gmail.com Raguchander Thiruvengadam Muthusamy Karthikeyan Varanavasiappan Shanmugam Swarnakumari Narayanan The GC-MS analysis of secondary metabolites of <em>Clonosatchys rosea</em> (<em>C. rosea</em>) reveals the presence of antimicrobial and antifungal compounds which is essential attire for any biocontrol agent to be commercialized. Experimental evidence showing importance of carbon and nitrogen sources on growth and sporulation of <em>C. rosea</em> (TNAU CR 01) has been undertaken. Among eleven carbon sources tested, dextrose has been found to be effective followed by sucrose in improving the mycelial growth and sporulation of the fungus. Casein has been identified as a significant nitrogen source responsible for the improvement in fungal growth and sporulation followed by potassium nitrate, phenylalanine and sodium nitrite. When considering the future commercialization of novel biocontrol agents like <em>C. rosea</em>, the current study will be useful in understanding the importance and choice of nutritional sources required for their growth and development of biocontrol agents and chemical analysis of secondary metabolites will be helpful in understanding their mode of action against phytopathogens. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223830 Oxidative Degradation of Phenol in Aqueous Solution by Using Heat, ZVI, AC, Heat/ZVI, or Heat/AC Activated Persulfate 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 Yabing Qi qiyabing123@163.com Degradation of phenol by heat-activated, ZVI-activated, AC-activated, heat/AC-activated, and heat/ZVI-activated persulfate have been investigated. As a result, the degradation of phenol fitted well with pseudo-first order kinetic model. For the solution with phenol concentration of 100 mg/L, degradation efficiency of nearly 100% and reaction rate constant of 0.0506 min<sup>-1</sup> are realized by heat-activated persulfate when reaction temperature is 70±C, concentration of persulfate is 15 g/L, reaction time is 120 min under neutral pH. Besides, the highest degradation efficiency and reaction rate constant of phenol by ZVI-activated are respectively, 92.85% and 0.0198 min<sup>-1</sup> when concentration of ZVI is 5 g/L, concentration of persulfate was 15 g/L, and reaction time is 120 min under neutral pH. Furthermore, the highest degradation efficiency and reaction rate constant of phenol by AC-activated persulfate are 99.1% and 0.0373 min<sup>-1</sup>, respectively with persulfate concentration of 5 g/L and AC concentration of 5 g/L under neutral pH in 120 min. Moreover, the heat/AC-activated and heat/ZVI-activated persulfate are showing obvious synergistic effect during degradation process of phenol, and the reaction rate constants of heat/AC-activated and heat/ZVI-activated persulfate are respectively, 0.0512 and 0.0561 min<sup>-1</sup>. The radical scavenger experiments proved that both SO<sub>4</sub><sup> -</sup> • and OH• are significant radicals in degradation of phenol by ZVI-activated and AC-activated persulfate, and SO<sub>4</sub><sup> -</sup> • are predominant radicals in degradation of phenol. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223831 Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Aqueous Media by Adsorption Using Nickel Oxide Modified Montmorillonite Composite 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 H. Boukhatem boukhatem_houria@yahoo.fr N. Ouazene H. Rezala L. Djouadi S. Selami S. Zeraif In this study, the adsorptive removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions onto nickel oxide (NiO) modified montmorillonite (NiO-Mt) has been studied and compared with that of commercial bentonite. The influences of various experimental factors such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH of solution, initial dye concentration and temperature have been investigated. Batch adsorption studies has manifested that the maximum adsorption capacity of MB is around 99.9 mg/g in 10 min with 25 mg adsorbent mass at an initial concentration of 100 mg/L at ambient temperature of 25°C and natural pH of solution (pH = 5.8 for NiO-Mt and pH = 6.3 for commercial bentonite). The adsorption kinetics and isotherms are well fitted by pseudo-second order and Langmuir models, respectively. The thermodynamic parameters such as the changes in Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy are determined. The MB adsorption is physical, spontaneous and exothermic for both adsorbents. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223832 Extraction of Starch and Phenolic Compounds from <i>Mangifera indica</i> L. var. Kesar Seeds and its Characterization 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 Vishal B. Thakare Girirajsinh C. Jadeja Meghal A. Desai mad@ched.svnit.ac.in The present study is aimed to examine the effect of various parameters (pH, solid to liquid ratio, extraction time and temperature) on starch content, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of extracts obtained from seed kernel of mango var. Kesar. Isolation of starch from mango kernel by employing the ethanol precipitation method has been assessed. Box-Behnken design has been used to develop, validate and optimize the statistical model in order to establish the impact of various parameters either alone or in combination followed by characterization of starch. A decrease in pH has increased the extraction of starch while other responses such as TPC and antioxidant activity did not show a significant variation. The yield of total phenolic compound has been improved with decrease in solid to liquid ratio by increasing the solvent volume. The optimum conditions have been found to be 2.5 pH, 24 min extraction time and 1:55 g/mL solid to liquid ratio. Under these conditions, the highest extraction yield of starch and TPC are found to be 13.93 g/100 g and 33.45 mg GAE/g, respectively. No significant variation in antioxidant activity has been observed. A better and value-added utilization of the waste material can tender environmentally sustainable and economically viable solution. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223846 Catalytic Activities of Green Synthesized Silver, Gold and Bimetallic (Ag-Au) Nanoparticles 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 Ramanjeet Kaur Pramod K. Avti Vivek Kumar Rajesh Kumar rajeshphysicspu@gmail.com Bimetallic (Ag-Au/Au-Ag) nanoparticles have been synthesized using <em>Litchi chinesis</em> leaf extract and characterised using UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hydrodynamic size of Ag-Au/Au-Ag NPs are found to be 83 nm/90 nm, respectively, by DLS techinque. The catalytic capability of green synthesised silver, gold and bimetallic(Ag-Au) nanoparticles is described in this study by choosing the degradation of methylene blue, as a model dye. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223849 Catalytic Cracking of Gas Oil Derived from Heavy Crude Oil over Biochar-Based Catalyst 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 Yakup Kar yakup.kar@iste.edu.tr Onur Eser Kök In this study, the main target is to obtain high grade light commercial motor fuels from the catalytic cracking of the gas oil fraction by using a modified green catalyst biochar. For this aim, initially the biochar has been impregnated with the spent pickling liquor to acquire a catalyst being strong cracking activity under certain conditions. By using of the catalyst activated via the spent pickling liquor, the catalytic cracking runs have been carried out on the gas oil at different catalyst additive rates in ranging from 5 wt.% to 20 wt.% to obtain light liquid hydrocarbon fractions at the temperature of 500° C and heating rate of 10 °C/min. The n-pentane soluble fraction of the catalytic cracking liquid obtained from the use of activated char catalyst at additive rate of 20 wt.% has a low sulphur content and also consisted of short straight chain paraffinic hydrocarbons with carbon number of C<sub>13</sub>, C<sub>17</sub>, and C<sub>18</sub> compared to those of the thermal and non-activated catalyst. Consequently, the activated catalyst has a considerable potential as a green catalyst with low cost for the converting of heavy hydrocarbons into light and more valuable hydrocarbons. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223852 A Study on Entropy Generation of Hydromagnetic Oscillating Flow of a Diamond-Ethylene Glycol+Water Based Couple Stress Nanofluid in a Vertical Channel in the Presence of Joule Heating and Thermal Radiation 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 A. Subramanyam Reddy S. Rajamani The current work communicates the entropy generation analysis of oscillating flow of magnetohydrodynamic couple stress nanofluid in a vertical channel. The main objective of present study is to examine the entropy analysis of a magnetohydrodynamic couple stress nanofluid. In this study, water and ethylene glycol (50:50) and diamond are used as the base fluid and nanoparticles, respectively. The effects of radiative heat, Ohmic, and viscous dissipation are all considered. By employing the perturbation process, the governing partial differential equations are transformed into the set of ordinary differential equations, which are then deciphered by implementing the Runge-Kutta fourth-order scheme with shooting technique. The obtained outcomes reveal that, amplifying viscous dissipation promising the temperature whereas the reverse is true for the influence of couple stress viscosity and Hartmann number. Heat transfer rate is decelerating with the boost up in Hartmann number at the walls while it is accelerating with the increment in viscous dissipation at the right wall. Entropy is escalating for intensifying viscous dissipation, and thermal radiation whereas the reverse is true for the impression of couple stress viscosity, and volume fraction of nanoparticles. Bejan number is falling for escalating volume fraction of nanoparticles, and viscous dissipation while it is enhancing with escalation in couple stress parameter. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223853 Microwave Conversion of <i>Plantago Psyllium</i> Husk into Carbon Quantum Dots for Sensing of Heavy Metals and Removal of Organic Dyes 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 Fairlin Jenitha R. S. Sudhaparimala sudha92@gmail.com The presence of heavy metal ions and organic dyes in the industrial effluents has toxic effects on human and animal health. There is an urgent growing need for the economic and effective treatment of waste water. The carbon dots (CDs) being a fluorescent zero-dimensional material have active surface area capable of binding with toxic heavy metal ions and organic moieties in water. In this study, the CDs have been successfully synthesized from hemicellulose rich <em>Psyllium</em> husk by means of simple green microwave method. The successful formation of CDs and the chemical state of the CDs have been successfully evaluated. The active surface area of CDs arising due to the surface defects contributed by oxygen functionality on the surface has been assessed from FT-Raman and XPS reports. The fluorescence property of the CDs as extrapolated for the sensing of heavy metal ions confirmed the successful sensing of Cr(VI), Fe(II) and Fe(III) ions with a detection (concentration) limit of 0.06 mM, 0.1 M and 0.2 mM, respectively. The photo catalytic performance of the prepared CDs for the discolouration of organic dyes, especially, the cationic dyes is encouraging indicating the successful preparation of negatively charged CDs from the biowaste. Ultimately, the study provides a simple, economical and efficient microwave method for the conversion of biowaste to a smart zero-dimensional carbon material for heavy metal sensing and dye discoloration. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00 https://i-scholar.in/index.php/jct/article/view/223854 Salsola Oppositifolia Acid Extract as a Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Carbon Steel 2024-01-05T11:42:32+00:00 Nomozov Abror Karim ugli abrornomozov055@gmail.com Beknazarov Kh. S. Khodjamkulov S. Z. Misirov Z. Kh. In this article, research has been conducted on obtaining an eco-friendly inhibitor and its application in practice. The source of the green inhibitor is the <em>Salsola oppositifolia</em> plant, from which the method of obtaining the green inhibitor extract is studied. The obtained extract is studied as a green inhibitor in 0.5 M HCl solution for corrosion protection of carbon steel structures. In determining the efficacy of a green inhibitor derived from the <em>Salsola oppositifolia</em> plant, practical experiments have been performed at two different temperatures (298 K and 313 K) and at different concentrations (200 mg/L , 400 mg/L, 600 mg/L, and 1000 mg/L). Adsorption of green inhibitor on steel surface has been studied using Langmuir and Temkin isotherms. The effect of temperature and concentration on the corrosion rate is also studied. The gravimetric method is used to determine the effectiveness of the green inhibitor and it is found that its maximum concentration is 91.86%. The mechanism of action of the steel surface and a post-experimental steel sample are studied by scanning electron microscope analysis. <em>Salsola oppositifolia</em> extract is a good green inhibitor due to the presence of hetero atomic organic compounds in the main component. 2023-11-01T00:00:00+00:00