Journal of Natural Remedies

Akey Krishna Swaroop ¹, Palathoti Nagarjuna ¹, P. Naresh ¹, P. Shyam Sundar ¹, S. Jubie ¹, Jawahar Natarajan ², P. Vasanth ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris – 643001, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris – 643001, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Department of Biotechnology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, The Nilgiris – 643001, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

The present study was conducted because of the recent scenario of this pandemic coronavirus outbreak worldwide. Currently, this disease cannot be treated through specific vaccines and therapeutic medicines. While many vaccines are being investigated, it would take some time for these to be accessible to the masses. Eventual evidence indicates that many COVID-19 patients may die from an irregular release of cytokines called as Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) due to the excessive reaction of their immune systems. In worsening patients with COVID-19, CRS played a significant role, from pneumonia via ARDS to cumulative systemic inflammation and eventually to a failing of the multi-system organ. In COVID-19 individuals, a large number of cytokines, including IL-6, IL-1, IL-2, IL-10, TNF- α, and IFN- α, participate in the ‘cytokine storm,’ but IL-6, whose higher serum levels are associated with respiratory failure, ARDS, and adverse clinical outcomes, tends to be a critical factor. In China, the COVID-19 mortality indicator has been tested by a multi-centre retrospective analysis in 150 COVID-19 patients. The study analysed that 82 cases are resolved from COVID-19 and 68 cases are dead due to enhancement of IL-6 levels in the serum. In this research, the secondary plant metabolites from Indian traditional medicine are identified through a computational technique and the selected seedling metabolite is sealed to block the IL-6 receptor.

Keywords

Covid-19, IL-6, Cytokine Release Syndrome, Secondary Metabolites

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Priya Dharshini ¹, Jubie Selvaraj ², Jawahar Natarajan ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Nilgiris - 643001, Tamil Nadu, IN
2 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Nilgiris - 643001, Tamil Nadu, IN
3 Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Nilgiris - 643001, Tamil Nadu, IN

Abstract

Hormone-dependent cancers contribute to the majority of cancer deaths in women. Treatment options for hormonal cancer such as breast, endometrial, prostate, and ovarian cancer aim at inhibiting key signalling pathways and hormones responsible for cell proliferation. Hormonal therapies in the long run cause musculoskeletal disorders, Disease reoccurrence, and drug resistance. There is a need for new alternative therapies to prevent and treat hormonal carcinomas. Phytoestrogens, a naturally occurring polyphenol have potent effects on hormonal cancers due to their estrogenic effects. Evidence suggests that phytoestrogens exert their apoptotic potential by interfering with steroidogenesis, gene expressions, and down-regulation of Protein Tyrosine Kinases, Matrix Metalloproteinases. They also act as topo-poisons. This review explains the key mechanisms of phytoestrogens in inhibiting cell proliferation in hormonal cancers by evidence from recent clinical studies, meta-analyses, and cohort study reports. Phytoestrogens have multi-target potential with both preventive and treatment properties on cancer cell lines. Combination therapies with phytoestrogens are more beneficial in controlling cell progression. Hence further research is required to explore their epigenetic properties on tumour suppressor genes which stay an important target in cancer research.

Keywords

Breast Cancer, Chemoprevention, Endometrial Cancer, Ovarian Cancer, Phytoestrogens.

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