Open Access
Subscription Access
Open Access
Subscription Access
Intra - National Cultural Values : A Systematic Review of Literature and the Way Forward for Comparative Studies in India
Subscribe/Renew Journal
The purpose of this paper was to seek productive directions for intra - national comparison of cultural values in a diverse country such as India. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature about subcultures within nations. The review indicated increasing interest in studies of intra-nation cultures. It also demonstrated that more needs to be done in the area of comparing cultural values at the intra-nation level, particularly in diverse non - Western countries. The review indicated the following features as desirable in such research, to make it useful to management :
- Compare geographic units.
- Select values purposefully based on relevance to management.
- Use survey as the source of data.
- Use scales that are as similar to those used in inter - nation studies as practical.
- Report findings as mean scores, ranks, plots, or comparison of pairs.
- Include at least one country-level data point to serve as a reference for a non-domestic audience.
Keywords
Intra-National Cultures, Subcultures, Regional Cultures, Inter-Cultural Management, Micro-Cultures, India.
JEL Classification Codes : A14, F23, M14, M30.Paper Submission Date : November 3, 2020 ; Paper Sent Back for Revision : June 4, 2021 ; Paper Acceptance Date : June 20, 2021 ; Paper Published Online : July 10, 2021.
User
Subscription
Login to verify subscription
Font Size
Information
- Beemabai, K., & Krishnakumar, K. (2019). Impact of Goods and Service Tax (GST) on MSMEs in India. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(9S3), 1235–1240. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.I3273.0789S319
- Beugelsdijk, S., Kostova, T., Kunst, V. E., Spadafora, E., & van Essen, M. (2018). Cultural distance and firm internationalization : A meta-analytical review and theoretical implications. Journal of Management, 44(1), 89–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317729027
- Beugelsdijk, S., Maseland, R., & van Hoorn, A. (2015). Are scores on Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture stable over time ? A cohort analysis. Global Strategy Journal, 5(3), 223–240. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1098
- Bhardwaj, A., Dietz, J., & Beamish, P. W. (2007). Host country cultural influences on foreign direct investment. Management International Review, 47, 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-007-0003-7
- Brons, L. L. (2006). Indirect measurement of regional culture in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 97(5), 547–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2006.00363.x
- Chalmers, I., & Glasziou, P. (2009). Avoidable waste in the production and reporting of research evidence. The Lancet, 374(9683), 86–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60329-9
- Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2001). Cultural orientations in the United States : (Re)examining differences among ethnic groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(3), 348–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032003006
- Dheer, R., Lenartowicz, T., Peterson, M. F., & Petrescu, M. (2014). Cultural regions of Canada and United States : Implications for international management research. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 14(3), 343–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595814543706
- Dheer, R., Lenartowicz, T., & Peterson, M. F. (2015). Mapping India’s regional subcultures : Implications for international management. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(4), 443–467. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.70
- Dolan, S. L., Díez-Piñol, M., Fernández-Alles, M., Martín-Prius, A., & Martínez-Fierro, S. (2004). Exploratory study of within–country differences in work and life values : The case of Spanish business students. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 4(2), 157–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595804044747
- Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1994). Using research syntheses to plan future research. In, The handbook of research synthesis. (pp. 485–500). Russell Sage Foundation.
- Fontaine, R., & Richardson, S. (2005). Cultural values in Malaysia : Chinese, Malays and Indians compared. Cross Cultural Management : An International Journal, 12(4), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600510798141
- Gelfand, M. J., Aycan, Z., Erez, M., & Leung, K. (2017). Cross-cultural industrial organizational psychology and organizational behavior : A hundred-year journey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 514–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000186
- Götz, F. M., Ebert, T., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2018). Regional cultures and the psychological geography of Switzerland : Person–environment–fit in personality predicts subjective wellbeing. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(APR), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00517
- Gupta, S., & Bhaskar, A. U. (2016). Doing business in India : Cross-cultural issues in managing human resources. Cross Cultural and Strategic Management, 23(1), 184–204. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-09-2014-0112
- Hall, E. T. (1959). The silent language. Double Day & Company, Inc.
- Hall, E. T. (1960). The silent language in overseas business. Harvard Business Review, 38(3), 87–96.
- Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences : International differences in work-related values. Sage Publications.
- Hofstede, G. (1982). Scoring guide for values survey module, 1982 version. IRIC, Rijksuuniversiteit Limburg.
- Hofstede, G. (1994). VSM94 (Values Survey Module 1994). Manual and various language versions (English, French, German, Spanish). IRIC, Tilburg, Netherlands.
- Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
- Hofstede, G., Garibaldi de Hilal, A. V., Malvezzi, S., Tanure, B., & Vinken, H. (2010). Comparing regional cultures within a country : Lessons from Brazil. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(3), 336–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109359696
- Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations : Software of the mind (3rd ed.). McGraw - Hill.
- House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations : The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Sage Publications, Inc.
- Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 65(1), 19–51. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657288
- James, R., & Jones, R. (2014). Transferring the Toyota lean cultural paradigm into India : Implications for human resource management. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(15), 2174–2191. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.862290
- Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Gibson, C. B. (2006). A quarter century of Culture’s Consequences : A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede's cultural values framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 285–320. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400202
- Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Gibson, C. B. (2017). A retrospective on Culture’s Consequences : The 35-year journey. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(1), 12–29. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-016-0037-9
- Kumari, N., & Singh, D. (2018). Impact of organizational culture on employee performance. Prabandhan : Indian Journal of Management, 11(6), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2018/v11i6/128442
- Lenartowicz, T., Johnson, J. P., & White, C. T. (2003). The neglect of intracountry cultural variation in international management research. Journal of Business Research, 56(12), 999–1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00314-9
- Lenartowicz, T., & Roth, K. (1999). A framework for culture assessment. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(4), 781–798.
- Lenartowicz, T., & Roth, K. (2001). Does subculture within a country matter ? A cross-cultural study of motivational domains and business performance in Brazil. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(2), 305–325. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490954
- Louahabi, Y., Moustaghfir, K., & Cseh, M. (2020). Testing Hofstede’s 6-D model in the North and Northwest regions of Morocco : Implications for human resource development. Human Systems Management, 39(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.3233/HSM-190615
- Marcus, J., Kahraman, F., Su, S., & Fritzsche, B. A. (2019). Capturing intranational cultural variation in international business research : Microsocietal differences in collectivism across Turkey. Journal of World Business, 54(6), 101020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2019.101020
- McSweeney, B. (2009). Dynamic diversity : Variety and variation within countries. Organization Studies, 30(9), 933–957. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840609338983
- Minkov, M. (2007). What makes us different and similar : A new interpretation of the world values survey and other cross-cultural data. Klasika y Stil Publishing House.
- Morris, M., & Schindehutte, M. (2005). Entrepreneurial values and the ethnic enterprise : An examination of six subcultures. Journal of Small Business Management, 43(4), 453–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2005.00147.x
- Murugesan, R., & Poovendhan, M. (2016). Analysis of factors determining the inward FDI in top seven Indian states from top seven source countries using gravity model. International Journal of Economics and Business Research, 11(3), 209–230. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEBR.2016.076152
- Pau Huo, Y., & Randall, D. M. (1991). Exploring subcultural differences in Hofstede’s value survey : The case of the Chinese. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 8, 159–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01731938
- Peng, M. W., & Lebedev, S. (2017). Intra-national business (IB). Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 34(2), 241–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-017-9507-2
- Peppas, S. C. (2001). Subcultural similarities and differences : An examination of US core values. Cross Cultural Management : An International Journal, 8(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600110797209
- Pillania, R. K. (2021). The state of spirituality in India and insights for marketing. Indian Journal of Marketing, 51(3), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2021/v51/i3/158061
- Ralston, D. A., Thang, N. V., & Napier, N. K. (1999). A comparative study of the work values of North and South Vietnamese managers. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(4), 655–672. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490889
- Robertson, C. J., & Nico Suárez Guerrero, C. (2009). An empirical test of Peruvian subcultural values. Cross Cultural Management : An International Journal, 16(2), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600910953946
- Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. Free Press.
- Saboori, F., Pishghadam, R., Fatemi, A. H., & Ghonsooli, B. (2015). Development and validation of a Cultural Dimensions Scale (CDS) and its application in an Iranian context. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s3p367
- Schwartz, S. H. (1992a.). Cultural dimensions of values - Towards an understanding of national differences. International Journal of Psychology, 27 (3–4), 540.
- Schwartz, S. H. (1992b.). Universals in the content and structure of values : Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25(C), 1–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6
- Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values ? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x
- Schwartz, S. (2002). Value priorities and behavior : Applying a theory of integrated value systems. Psicodebate, 2, 119–144. https://doi.org/10.18682/pd.v2i0.514
- Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Vecchione, M., Davidov, E., Fischer, R., Beierlein, C., Ramos, A., Verkasalo, M., Lönnqvist, J. E., Demirutku, K., Dirilen-Gumus, O., & Konty, M. (2012). Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(4), 663–688. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029393
- Sinha, J. B. (1990). The salient Indian values and their socio-ecological ischolar_mains. Indian Journal of Social Sciences, 3(4), 478–488.
- Sinha, J. B., Daftuar, C. N., Gupta, R. K., Mishra, R. C., Jayseetha, R., Jha, S. S., Verma, J., & Vijayakumar, V. S. (1994). Regional similarities and differences in people’s beliefs, practices and preferences. Psychology and Developing Societies, 6(2), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/097133369400600204
- Sinha, J. B., Gupta, P., Singh, S., Srinivas, E. S., & Vijaykumar, V. S. (2001). Societal beliefs, organizational climate, and managers’ self-perceptions. Vikalpa : The Journal for Decision Makers, 26(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090920010104
- Sinha, J. B., Sinha, R. B., Bhupatkar, A. P., Sukumaran, A., Gupta, P., Gupta, R., Panda, A., Singh, S., Singh-Sengupta, S., & Srinnas, E. S. (2004). Facets of societal and organisational cultures and managers’ work related thoughts and feelings. Psychology and Developing Societies, 16(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/097133360401600101
- Sinha, J. B., Vohra, N., Singhal, S., Sinha, R. B., & Ushashree, S. (2002). Normative predictions of collectivist - individualist intentions and behaviour of Indians. International Journal of Psychology, 37(5), 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590244000124
- Suharnomo, & Syahruramdhan, F. N. (2018). Cultural value differences among ethnic groups in Indonesia : Are Hofstede’s Indonesian findings still relevant ? Journal for Global Business Advancement, 11(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1504/JGBA.2018.093168
- Super, D. E. (1970). Work values inventory. Houghton Mifflin.
- Taras, V., Steel, P., & Kirkman, B. L. (2016). Does country equate with culture ? Beyond geography in the search for cultural boundaries. Management International Review, 56(4), 455–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-016-0283-x
- Terpstra - Tong, J. L., Terpstra, R. H., & Tee, D. D. (2014). Convergence and divergence of individual–level values : A study of Malaysian managers. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 17(3), 236–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12062
- These 20 countries will dominate global growth in 2024 (2019, October 19). Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles
- Tian, M., Deng, P., Zhang, Y., & Salmador, M. P. (2018). How does culture influence innovation ? A systematic literature review. Management Decision, 56(5), 1088–1107. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-05-2017-0462
- Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & collectivism. Routledge.
- Trompenaars, A. M. R. (1985). The organization of meaning and the meaning of organization : A comparative study on the conceptions of organizational structure in different cultures (Dissertation). University of Pennsylvania, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1985. 8515460.
- Trompenaars, F., & Hampden - Turner, C. (1993). Riding the waves of culture : Understanding cultural diversity in business. Nicholas Brealey International.
- Tsui, A. S., Nifadkar, S., & Ou, A. Y. (2007). Cross-national, cross-cultural organizational behavior research : Advances, gaps, and recommendations. Journal of Management, 33(3), 426–478. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307300818
- Tung, R. (2008). The cross-cultural research imperative : The need to balance cross-national and intra-national diversity. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400331
- Vandello, J. A., & Cohen, D. (1999). Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(2), 279–292. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.279
- Yadav, R. K., & Mohania, S. (2020). Merger of public sector banks : A case of Chennai Bank Ltd. and Bhopal Bank Ltd. Prabandhan : Indian Journal of Management, 13(2), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2020/v13i2/150564
- Yamawaki, N. (2012). Within-culture variations of collectivism in Japan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(8), 1191–1204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111428171
Abstract Views: 457
PDF Views: 0